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Implantation and In Utero Growth
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
Kugajeevan Vigneswaran, Ippokratis Sarris
It was thought previously that the trophoblast is the invader of a somewhat passive endometrium; however, more recent observations have shown the decidual cells themselves develop an invasive phenotype of their own. The fetal-maternal interaction is now thought of as a process by which the decidua actively encapsulates the embryo once it has breached the luminal epithelium. Additionally, the decidua is also thought to play a “biosensor” role in the selection of embryos, limiting implantation to those that demonstrate greater potential to result in an ongoing pregnancy. Deviation of this screening process may allow a prolonged window of implantation and allow a compromised embryo to get through, thus resulting in a possible reason for recurrent miscarriages.
Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The human decidua represents the maternal part of the placenta. It is composed of the decidua basalis, which interacts with the trophoblast; the decidua capsularis, which grows over the embryo on the luminal side; and the decidua parietalis, which fuses with the decidua capsularis by the fourth month of gestation. The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterus to allow nutrient uptake, thermoregulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the maternal blood supply. It also protects the fetus from infection and immune rejection, and produces hormones that support the pregnancy. The human placenta is classified as hemochorial because the chorionic epithelium is in direct contact with the maternal blood. The placenta is one of the organs with the highest evolutionary diversity among animal species, and no animal models exactly represents human placentation [85].
The Endometrial Factor in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Published in Howard J.A. Carp, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, 2020
Luiza Borges Manna, Ying Cheong
An additional role of the decidua is to ensure immune tolerance to the conceptus while at the same time protecting the mother from external insults. A change in the immune cell composition of the endometrium occurs after decidualization in order to recognize and accept the semi-allogenic embryo. The most abundant subtype of leucocytes in the decidua are the uterine natural killer (uNK) cells [20], representing approximately 70% of all endometrial leukocytes after the secretory phase [5]. uNK cells are a unique subset of natural killer cells, with a different antigen profile to their circulating counterparts—while the latter stain heavily for CD56 and CD16 antigens and are highly cytotoxic, uNK cells stain only for CD56 and show little evidence of cytotoxic activity [21]. Instead, they synthesize several angiogenic factors essential for the establishment of early pregnancy [20]. The amount of uNK cells significantly increases 6−7 days after the luteinizing hormone surge, a time that coincides with implantation and continues to rise in the first trimester of pregnancy [20,22]. These characteristics, taken together with the fact that uNK cells tend to cluster at the site of trophoblast invasion and around spiral arteries, suggest that they might play a role in their remodeling and implantation [23].
Cadmium-induced preeclampsia-like phenotype in the rat is related to decreased progesterone synthesis in the placenta
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Xiaojie Zhang, Kai Chen, Zhu Meng, Ru Jia, Feifei Lian, Feng Lin
The placentae of humans and rats are both anatomically categorised as discoid and hemochorial types, as the trophoblasts of both are directly bathed in maternal blood (Furukawa et al. 2019; James et al. 2021). So, rats are considered to be important in vivo models for pregnancy-associated pathological research. Both human and rat placentae are histologically divided into a foetal part and a maternal part. In humans, the foetal part is composed of placental villi and basal plate, and the maternal part consists of the decidua. In rats, the foetal part contains the labyrinth zone, basal zone, and yolk sac while the maternal part includes the decidua and metrial gland. The foetal–maternal interface of the human placenta consists of a single syncytiotrophoblast layer and a single cytotrophoblast layer. However, the interface of the rat placenta is comprised of three layers (Furukawa et al. 2011, 2019). Although, to some extent, the placental histological structure and the foetal–maternal interface are different between rats and humans, the labyrinth zone of the rat placenta, which is the research target of our present study, is functionally analogous to the villi of the human placenta (Furukawa et al. 2019; James et al. 2021).
Phenotypic Switch of Endovascular Trophoblasts in Decidual Vasculopathy with Implication for Preeclampsia and Other Pregnancy Complications
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
CD56 expression on the vasculopathy present in the membrane roll was examined, in addition to immunostaining for CD68 and pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3) (Fig. 3). The endovascular cells within the decidua capsularis (membrane roll) are negative for CD56 and AE1/AE3 but strongly positive for CD68, indicating the macrophage cell origin. This is consistent with the traditional view that the endovascular cells within the decidual vasculopathy are inflammatory cells (leukocytes/macrophages), in contrast to the endovascular trophoblasts with CD56 expression described above at the decidua basalis. It appears that the mechanisms of vasculopathy development in decidua basalis are different from that in decidua capsularis, although the morphologic features of vasculopathy in both locations are identical.
A survey of influencing factors of missed abortion during the two-child peak period
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Guifang Gong, Caixin Yin, Yanqing Huang, Yan Yang, Ting Hu, Zhiqin Zhu, Xuan Shi, Yan Lin
The reasons for above results may be as follows: For pregnant woman with advanced age, the body condition is not conducive to the growth of foetus. The luteal insufficiency belongs to endocrine factors. The low luteal progesterone level is easily to cause adverse pregnancy decidua, leading to the miscarriage (Cohen-Overbeek et al. 1990). The semen abnormality and reproductive organ abnormality will lead to the poor quality of fertilised eggs (Michel et al. 1989; Hamamah and Fignon 1996). The contact of toxic during pregnancy and bad life habits will directly affect the foetal development (Thomason et al. 1995). For example, if the pregnant woman is exposure to tobacco, the amounts of carbon monoxide enter the blood, which reduces the oxygen supply for the foetus, and affects the normal development of foetus (Ness et al. 1999). In addition, the alcohol will affect the development of foetal central nervous and growth of various tissue cells (Mamedaliyeva and Aimbetova 2012). Previous study has found that, the repeated artificial abortion is also the risk factor of missed abortion (Zhang et al. 2011). However, the present study finds that, it no statistical significance between observation and control group. The reason may be related to relatively small sample size.