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Coral-Derived Hydroxyapatite-Based Macroporous Bioreactors Initiate the Spontaneous Induction of Bone Formation in Heterotopic Extraskeletal Sites
Published in Ugo Ripamonti, The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
It is noteworthy that the induction of bone formation by coral-derived macroporous constructs proceeds via collagenous condensations against the biomimetic matrices as intramembranous bone formation. The induction of chondrogenesis or the formation of islands of cartilage within the implanted bioreactors has never been observed. To end this chapter on the induction of bone formation by coral-derived macroporous constructs, my laboratories and I would like to present again the unique images of chondrogenesis and the induction of endochondral bone as an island of cartilage induction against the posterior fascia of the rectus abdominis muscle (Fig. 4.18). Chondrogenesis and the induction of endochondral bone formed by diffusion gradients set into motion by the recombinant transforming growth factor-β3 (hTGF-β3) super activating coral-derived constructs implanted for a morphological and molecular data time study (Bone Research Unit, unpublished data 2014). A cartilaginous island formed in the rectus abdominis muscle just over the fascia and above the peritoneum (Fig. 4.18a). In spite of the heterotopic implantation, the cartilaginous matrix still retains the phylogenetically ancient genetic memory of the induction of columnar chondrocytes of the mammalian growth plate (Fig. 4.18bmagenta arrows). Vascular invasion and chondrolysis are then followed (white arrows) by the induction of trabecular bone across the primitive induction of the cartilage anlage (Fig. 4.18bblue arrows).
Animal Models of Articular Cartilage Defect
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman
Another heterotopic defect model of chondrogenesis is a diffusion chamber implanted intramuscularly in rat or nude mice (Table 1). The diffusion chamber is made from a plastic ring (2 mm thick, 9 mm diam.) bounded by two microporous cellulose acetate and nitrate membranes of 100 μm thickness and 0.45 μm pore size and a chamber volume about 130 μl (Millipore Corporation, MA).22,29,30,32 A diffusion chamber containing rabbit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) was implanted in the abdominal muscle of the rat. Outside of the chamber, cartilage differentiated 1-2 weeks after implantation, and bone replaced the cartilage after 3-4 weeks.32
Experimental Stomatology
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
Frandsen et al.104 performed a similar experiment in 20 Long-Evans rats maintained on a pantothenic acid-deficient diet from birth. Histologic changes in this series were characterized by marked interference with chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. The late stages of the deficiency were dominated by necrosis of the articular capsule and articular disk, together with fibrous tissue proliferation into the glenoid fossa productive of destruction of the temperomandibular joint. Severity was related more to individual response than to duration of deficiency. Bone resorption was very extensive, leading to almost a complete absence of trabeculae in the head of the condyle and to partial disappearance of the lamina compacta in the ramus. Concurrently, there was osteophytic growth from the periosteal surface of the ramus and squamosal bone. All changes were prevented by the administration of calcium pantothenate.
Prospects of cell chemotactic factors in bone and cartilage tissue engineering
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Ke Chen, Hui Gao, Yongchang Yao
Subsequent studies demonstrated that the combinatory use of CCFs and growth factors can exert synergistic effects on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Studies on in situ bone/cartilage regeneration have indicated that the combination of CCFs and growth factors facilitated rapid stem cell recruitment and advanced guided cartilage/bone formation [145,146]. However, due to the instability of CCFs and growth factors in vivo, the research and development of biomaterials, which can deliver them effectively in a spatiotemporal manner with basic characteristics, such as biocompatibility and good mechanical properties, are of great importance. A series of attempts to construct hierarchical scaffolds using recent advanced technologies, such as photopatterning, electrospinning and 3D bioprinting, have obtained encouraging outcomes for the spatiotemporal control of bioactive factors [147,148]. With further understanding of biomaterials and the development of powerful biofabrication techniques, intelligent biomaterials will be created to meet the requirements for controlled bioactive factor release and biomimetic architecture.
Autologous adipose stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis: where are we now?
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2020
Alessio Biazzo, Riccardo D’Ambrosi, Francesco Masia, Vincenzo Izzo, Francesco Verde
Treatment options for low-grade OA and chondral defects range from conservative to surgical interventions such as microfractures (MFX), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) or osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS) [2]. These latter methods are characterized by high failure rate [3,4]. MFX is the most used technique because it is cheap and easy to perform, exposing bone marrow-derived pluripotent cells to the articular surface and creating an environment amenable to healing; however, the resulting fibrocartilage is characterized by poor load-bearing quality and consequently no good results in the long-term follow-up and lesions >1.5 cm2 are reported [5]. In the effort to regenerate articular cartilage, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been used in various forms, with promising long-term results [6–8]. The most commonly used tissue sources for isolating MSCs apart from bone marrow are the adipose tissue, umbilical cord, placenta, and dental pulp. However, autologous or allogeneic bone marrow MSCs are currently the most widely used cell type in clinical trials for various disease indications. They are considered the ‘gold standard’ MSC type because of their extensive characterization that took place for over 5 decades.
Biomimetic cartilage scaffold with orientated porous structure of two factors for cartilage repair of knee osteoarthritis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Jianhua Wang, Yingying Wang, Xiaomin Sun, Deshuai Liu, Chenguang Huang, Jiulin Wu, Chunrong Yang, Qiqing Zhang
The results of in vitro biocompatibility and AO/EB staining revealed that the biomimetic cartilage scaffold could significantly enhance cell proliferation. It indicates that its function was related to the synergistic effect of KGN and TGF-β1. Previous study indicated that growth factors promoted superior chondrogenesis [6, 35]. The results of in vivo animal experiments suggested that the defects of the biomimetic cartilage scaffold group had been completely filled, the boundary between new cartilage and surrounding tissue was difficult to identify, and the morphology of cells in repair tissue was almost in accordance with the normal cartilage after 16 weeks. All those results indicated that the biomimetic cartilage scaffold guide the morphology, orientation, and proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs. The results were related to the physical and chemical properties of the materials and different structures and orientations of the composite. In this study, seed cells repaired with articular cartilage defects in the KOA model may be derived from endogenous BMSCs. First, the cells moved from the broken subchondral bone into the implantation of the transitional layer material. Then, it reaches the surface layer because of TGF-β1could promote adhesion and proliferation to endogenous BMSCs. Finally, the effect of KGN on the proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs could achieve the effective repair of new cartilage tissue in the defect area. Ultimately, the proposed treatment can be applied in cartilage repair engineering.