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Testicular torsion
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Torsion of the testicular appendages classically presents at 3−11 years. Careful palpation will reveal an exquisitely tender nodule which is usually associated with the upper pole of the testis while the body of the testis is not tender. On transillumination, a dark nodule or dot can be seen. If diagnosis of a torted appendix testis is made clinically, hospital observation or surgery are not mandatory.
Paper 1
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Torsion of the appendix testis has similar symptoms to testicular torsion. Specific findings may not be evident on ultrasound and it is sometimes a diagnosis of exclusion; however occasionally the appendix may be visible as a small structure at the upper pole of the testicle with internal echoes which is hypoechoic compared to the adjacent testicle. A hydrocele and scrotal wall oedema may also be present.
Ultrasound Imaging of the Infertile Male
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Amr Abdel Raheem, Giulio Garaffa, Hatem El-Azizi
Normal findings: The testis normally has an intermediate homogenous echogenicity with thin echogenic bands that represent the fibrous septa that divide the testis into lobules. The epididymis lies behind the posterior border of the testis and consists of head, body, and tail and is similar in echogenicity to the testis. The vas deferens appears as a straight dense cord with a hypoechoic lumen in the posteromedial aspect of the spermatic cord. The appendix testis and appendix epididymis can be seen in some patients and appear as small oval structures of similar echogenicity to the testis. A thin echogenic band, the tunica albuginea, surrounds the testis. Normally there is a small physiological amount of fluid that appears anechoic between the tunica albuginea and surrounding tunica vaginalis. The mediastinum testis, which contains the testicular vessels and nerves, appears as a thin echogenic band on the posteromedial border of the testis. The rete testes can be seen in some patients and appears as a hypoechoic area behind the mediastinum. The spermatic cord containing the vas deferens and testicular vessels can be seen above the testis and within the inguinal canal [6].
Current perspectives on the diagnosis, assessment, and management of vasculitic neuropathy
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Yuki Fukami, Haruki Koike, Masahisa Katsuno
Non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy (NSVN) is one of the major neuropathies associated with vasculitis in the field of neurology [2,6,7,25]. It may belong to a spectrum of single-organ vasculitis (e.g. isolated vasculitis of the gallbladder, appendix, testis, or uterus defined in CHCC2012 [5]) or it may be mild form of systemic vasculitis. Patients with vasculitis confined to the peripheral nervous system at onset should be closely followed for signs of involvement of other organs because approximately 10% of patients initially diagnosed with NSVN eventually develop vasculitis in other organs, being diagnosed with a systemic disorder [3,43]. Nonetheless, a recent study suggested that NSVN is, at least, distinct from ANCA-associated vasculitis since there was complement deposition on vascular walls in nerve biopsy specimens [25].