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Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
The regulation of carbohydrate as an energy substrate, similar to protein and fat, is dependent on both neural and endocrine mechanisms that can be modified by factors such as nutritional status, physical exercise, and training (31). Hormones can have a significant impact on carbohydrate storage and catabolism (see Chapter 3). While some hormones may increase blood glucose concentrations (e.g., catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and indirectly by growth hormone), others, such as insulin, may decrease concentrations. In contrast, glycogen synthesis and storage in liver and muscle are enhanced by insulin and testosterone while glycogen stores are mobilized by catecholamines and glucagon. Of these hormones that directly alter metabolism, insulin and cortisol may have the greatest influence on the responses and adaptations to resistance training.
The Scale of the Problem—Overweight and Obesity
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
The most common types of physical activity for men are sports and exercise and heavy housework. For women, heavy housework is by far the most frequently reported type of physical activity, followed by sports and exercise. Physical activity does not need to be strenuous to be effective. Thirty minutes a day of moderate aerobic activity can comprise a brisk walk, a swim, a spell of gardening or cycling. Dancing can be as beneficial as someone going to a gym. It’s good to have a mix of physical exercise that includes resistance-type activities such as press-ups or stretching limbs via resistance bands to strength a person’s muscles and bone mass.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Elin Trägårdh, David Minarik, Mark Lubberink
Exercise test. A physical exercise is preferred whenever possible, since it provides additional information regarding heart performance. Different exercise modalities are available. Bicycle ergometry or treadmill exercise is normally used. The exercise stress test is performed stepwise starting around 25–50 W. Provided the stress test is not stopped because of limiting symptoms, a workload with a heart rate of at least 85 per cent of age-adjusted maximal predicted heart rate (220-age) should be achieved, otherwise the sensitivity for detecting ischemia is decreased. The radiopharmaceutical is injected at the highest stress level, which is maintained for 1–2 minutes. There are many absolute contraindications for a maximal exercise – for example acute coronary syndrome, acute pulmonary embolism, symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, acute myocarditis, and severe pulmonary hypertension, as well as relative contraindications such as left bundle branch block, ventricular paced rhythm, resting systolic or diastolic blood pressure >200/100 mmHg, recent stroke or inadequately controlled congestive heart disease. The electrocardiogram must be monitored continuously during the exercise test and for at least a few minutes of recovery, and the blood pressure should be controlled at least every 2–3 minutes during exercise.
Relationship between inflammatory cells level and longer duration of hypertension in Chinese community residents
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Yue Yi, Ting Qu, Aibin Shi, Zhixin Pang, Yuxin Zhao, Pengcheng Li, Juan Xie, Xinyue Zhi, Yun Zhu, Hong Zhu
A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the participants. The questionnaire had three sections: demographic characteristics; lifestyle and behavior; medical history and current health status. Smoking was classified as never smoking, former smoking (stop smoking for one year or more) or current smoking (having one or more cigarettes per day in recent one year) (29). Drinking was classified as never, occasionally (≤3 times a week), often (4 to 6 times a week), or daily (more than 6 times a week). Physical exercise was defined as doing moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 minutes a week (for example, 30 minutes 5 days a week). Salt preference was defined as preferring a salty diet (options included “yes” and “no”). The onset date of diseases (including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CVDs, as well as other severe diseases) and therapeutic information were collected.
Experiences in responders and non-responders to pulmonary rehabilitation among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical study with convergent mixed analysis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Charlotte Simonÿ, Claus Riber Højfeld, Brian Clausen, Regner Birkelund, Uffe Bodtger
It is crucial to acknowledge that regular exercise for people with COPD has several beneficial effects, such as fewer symptoms and improved exercise capacity [1,31–33]. As shown in this study, the participants must realize that they can benefit from exercising, with significant improvements or maintaining their physical exercise capacity at a higher level than otherwise. This should be highlighted during exercise guidance. The majority of our cohort had a FEV1 below 50% of expected, so limited improvement in physical capacity may not be a surprise. The shown challenges in muscle soreness for the non-responders during exercising is likely due to a deficient fitness level and was experienced as almost intolerably acute increases in their known symptoms. These findings might in part explain the lacking positive rehabilitation outcomes for some people with COPD [4,6,9]. Of particular importance, consideration should be given to the discovery that the non-responders have a tendency to feel despondent and demotivated by the rehabilitation participation when they fail in enduring the exercises. To refine evidence-based clinical practice, pulmonary rehabilitation should be designed to address individual needs [6,34]. This study highlights that exercise guidance needs careful coordination with every individual’s development in physical capacity and exercise habits during and after rehabilitation.
Relationship of childhood maltreatment, exercise, and emotion regulation to self-esteem, PTSD, and depression symptoms among college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Laura C. Fasciano, Lourdes P. Dale, Samia K. Shaikh, Alicia L. Little Hodge, Brittney Gracia, Jennifer M. Majdick, Alanah Y. Holder, Julian D. Ford
The results suggest that cumulative maltreatment and frequent exercise may impact different domains of emotion regulation. Consistent with previous research,52 participants that reported more cumulative maltreatment reported more difficulties with regard to three aspects of emotion regulation (ie, awareness of their emotional responses, control of impulses when experiencing negative emotions, and effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies). Whereas participants that exercised more frequently reported fewer difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors. The latter result suggests that frequent physical exercise may enhance not only physical fitness but also the psychological executive functions required to achieve goals.53 Thus, physical exercise may indirectly contribute to recovery from maltreatment by enhancing the ability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing negative emotions.