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General Concepts and Training Principles for Athlete Development
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Periodization is an integral part of annual planning and represents the framework for developing a training process. Based on the definition, historical development and appropriate use in the training process – a basic tenet of periodization is training non-linearity (149). Primary goals of periodization include (a) fatigue management and the curtailment of non-functional overreaching and overtraining potential, (b) an optimized manipulation of training loads leading to competitive preparedness during the season or climax (peak) of the annual plan, and (c) optimally staging and timing peak performance (41, 42, 128). Non-linearity (variation), which largely results from appropriate manipulation of programming factors, allows these goals to be met. Sport enhancement personnel, including coaches, should realize the importance of appropriate variation and that variation should occur at multiple levels (e.g., quadrennial plan, seasonal, etc.) down to the daily training sessions.
Functional Program Design
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Periodization is the systematic cycling of training variables to ensure sufficient overload, progression, recovery and variation, the goal being to avoid a training plateau. In a periodized program, exercise variables are cyclically varied, usually every four- to eight-weeks. A periodized program also programs in periods of planned rest to ensure sufficient recovery. The benefits of effective periodization include: Avoidance of plateau in gains by ensuring progression as well as variationAvoidance of over-training via planned regular rest periodsAvoidance of over-use injuries caused by repetitive movements or doing the same exercises for long periods of time
Exercise Prescription for Apparently Healthy Individuals and for Special Populations
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Training volume can be increased through alteration of exercise frequency, intensity, and/or duration. Many professionals first choose to implement small changes in exercise duration (5–10 minutes per session), as they are usually well-tolerated and may be less likely to negatively affect exercise adherence. Depending upon a person’s beginning exercise volume and his or her goals, frequency and/or intensity may then be increased. Although somewhat anecdotal, the “ten percent rule” is a good rule of thumb; exercise volume (usually quantified by distance or time) should not be increased by more than 10% per week. Overtraining symptoms (e.g., upper respiratory infection, muscle/joint pain) should be recognized, and a reduction of training volume and/or a change of exercise modality should be implemented. Additionally, periodization (changing intensity, duration, and/or overall training volume within and across weeks) can enhance fitness improvement and reduce overtraining symptoms.
Incidence and characteristics of acute and overuse injuries in elite powerlifters
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2019
Thomas Reichel, Martin Mitnacht, Annabel Fenwick, Rainer Meffert, Olaf Hoos, Kai Fehske
Regarding training periodization it was apparent that athletes performing in repetition ranges above 12 in their competition phase, classified as strength-endurance training (Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2006), sustained significantly more injuries (p = 0.048; r = 0.263); we assume the usually performed training of maximum strength in low repetition ranges from 1 to 3 in contest preparation was negatively influenced by concurrent training of strength-endurance. Diminished adaptation to the high to maximum strain in competition could contribute to a higher risk of injury. It is known, that training leading up to a competition should be increasingly sport-specific, as different training means cause different physiological adaptions; training load or intensity is one main determinant, influencing not only power output and kinematics of the trained movement, but also neuromuscular and structural adaptions (Schoenfeld, Contreras, Vigotsky, & Peterson, 2016; Schoenfeld, Peterson, Ogborn, Contreras, & Sonmez, 2015; Verkhoshansky & Siff, 2009; Whitting, Meir, Crowley-McHattan, & Holding, 2016). Therefore, choosing the right training load and repetition ranges with correct periodization could reduce injuries by improving adaption to the sport specific task. Further research is needed to prove this theory, although it is widely practiced by strength coaches worldwide.
Autonomic modulations of heart rate variability are associated with sports injury incidence in sprint swimmers
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Dayanne S. Lima-Borges, Paula F. Martinez, Luiz Carlos M. Vanderlei, Fernando S. S. Barbosa, Silvio A. Oliveira-Junior
Periodization has been defined as the methodical planning and structuring of training processes that involves a logical and systematic sequencing of multiple training variables (intensity, volume, frequency, recovery period, and exercises) in an integrative fashion aimed to optimize specific performance outcomes at predetermined time points. Likewise, periodization should focus on not only performance but also athlete’s development and injury prevention [1,7]. As a result, many coaches within the team sport environment have been working to adapt the basic concept of periodization with the specific sports calendar or current competition structure [3]. In this perspective, general and specific training had similar durations (8 weeks), while the competitive period was extended by 4 weeks (Figure 1).
Periodisation: tailoring training based on the menstrual cycle may work in theory but can they be used in practice?
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2020
In conclusion, currently, there is limited evidence justifying the resources needed to implement periodization strategies based on the menstrual cycle, although for some players anecdotal reports clearly evidence significant impacts on their wellbeing and readiness to train at certain time-points within the cycle. A very limited number of well-designed research studies confirming the extent and magnitude of physiological effects of the menstrual cycle on actual performance exists, including a lack of studies on the validity and usefulness of more feasible and cost-effective surrogate measures that can be used for monitoring. Therefore, there is a need for future studies in this field to address the concerns and critical issues presented within this editorial.