Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
An alternative strategy to the use of the PSA biomarker is pre-biopsy multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate in patients whose PSA is raised. A noninvasive mpMRI scan can detect significant prostate cancer with up to 97% accuracy and also allows the targeting of biopsy needles into the region of interest. This strategy potentially minimizes unnecessary prostate biopsies while maximizing biopsy yield. Despite concerns about the cost of MRI scans, compared to the long-term cost burden of the PSA/TRUS biopsy-based standard of care, the imaging model has now been found to be cost-effective. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) has the advantage of being fast with minimal invasiveness and better results than MRI for the evaluation of a superficial tumor. While MRI is superior for visualizing locally advanced and stenosing cancers, both TRUS and MRI are capable of staging perirectal lymph nodes. TRUS has a smaller field of view, but 3D TRUS can improve the diagnosis of anorectal diseases.
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Although some information may be obtained during a transabdominal examination, dedicated ultrasound imaging of the prostate gland is more usually performed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), whereby an endo-cavity probe is inserted into the rectum as a means of directly imaging the prostate.
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome—A Urologist’s Perspective
Published in Gary W. Jay, Practical Guide to Chronic Pain Syndromes, 2016
Richard A. Watson, Hossein Sadeghi-Nejad
Because no diagnostic radiological finding has proven definitive, all imaging studies (intravenous pyelography, videocystourethrography, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography of the scrotum, transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate, etc.) are aimed at excluding the presence of other, more definable and treatable causes of the patient’s symptoms.
Emerging theranostics to combat cancer: a perspective on metal-based nanomaterials
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Aakanchha Jain
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another diagnostic approach by which cancer can be detected. The principal standard of care for breast cancer is mammography. However, it has some limitations such as low sensitivity to dense breast tissues and BRCA genetic mutations. Women with breast cancer can be screened with MRI scans because MRI sensitivity is independent of the density of breast tissues. Moreover, it also assists in the identification of primary tumor and residual tumor extent [24]. Multiparametric MRI has also been used as a diagnostic approach for prostate cancer. The current diagnostic modalities for prostate cancer include measuring the level of prostate-specific antigen, rectal examination, and transrectal ultrasonography-based biopsy. This could result in the overestimation or underestimation of prostate cancer diagnosis thus, generating a need for newer approaches in the field of prostate cancer diagnosis. Multiparametric MRI is especially used for providing insights into the volume, location, and focality of prostate cancer and can be used for overcoming the problems of over- and underestimation of diagnosis faced by conventional diagnostic approaches [25].
Is anti-Mullerian hormone a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in Chinese adolescents?
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Meng Li, Xiangyan Ruan, Rui Ju, Min Min, Zhongting Xu, Suiyu Luo, Husheng Wang, Alfred Otto Mueck
Several mechanisms have been suggested for the relationship between AMH and PCOS. AMH is produced in antral and preantral follicles of granulosa cells. One of the most common endocrine features of PCOS is the significant increase of antral follicles, which is thought as main reason for the increase of AMH in PCOS-patients. Anovulation [18], hyperandrogenism [19], and hyperinsulinemia [20] were also suggested to cause elevated AMH-levels in PCOS. Androgen excess may play a critical role in the elevation of AMH, by impairing follicular growth and increasing the number of small antral follicles [21,22]. Because AMH-levels are relatively stable throughout and between menstrual cycles, it seems attractive to use AMH as a biomarker for PCOS. It was suggested that serum-AMH is more sensitive and specific than AFC in diagnosing PCOS in adult women [10]. Especially for adolescent girls, performing vaginal ultrasound may be difficult, and transrectal ultrasonography can cause pain. In light of these difficulties compared to adults, AMH may have the potential as a predictive marker for the diagnosis of PCOS especially in the young age.
Statins are effective in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with metabolic syndrome
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Suleyman Sami Cakir, Levent Ozcan, Emre Can Polat, Huseyin Besiroglu, Ramazan Kocaaslan, Alper Ötunctemur, Emin Ozbek
This was a multicentre, prospective, randomized study in men who had BPH with MetS. Three hundred men were enrolled in this study who visited our clinic for BPH. All patients underwent baseline evaluation at the initial visit. Investigators took complete medical histories and detailed physical examinations, including weight, height, blood pressure and digital rectal examination (DRE). Transrectal ultrasonography for prostate volume (PV) evaluation was also performed. Body mass index (kg/m2) was calculated as body weight divided by the square of body height. In collaboration with the department of internal medicine, they underwent a serum TG, HDL, LDL, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) examination. Fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis in the morning. Maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), Quality of Life score (QoL), and International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS) were also recorded.