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Reference Individuals Defined for External and Internal Radiation Dosimetry
Published in Shaheen A. Dewji, Nolan E. Hertel, Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2019
Following image acquisition, the next step in model construction is image segmentation. In cases where the CT image provides strong tissue contrast, automated pixel-growing methods of image segmentation can be applied to rapidly delineate organ boundaries. In these methods, a central pixel is tagged and the algorithm groups all neighboring pixels within a defined gray-level interval (e.g., skeletal regions, air lumen of nasal passages, certain soft tissue organs under CT contrast). For those organs with poor tissue contrast, organ boundaries must be segmented manually. Final review of the tomographic model by medical personnel trained in radiographic anatomy is highly recommended. Standardized software packages can offer all necessary tools for construction of tomographic computational models.
Respiratory system and chest
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
This section is an introduction to the principles of CXR interpretation. An overview of the standard CXR projections is followed by a brief outline of normal radiographic anatomy. Some notes on assessment of a few important technical aspects are then provided, as well as an outline of a suggested systematic approach.
Radiofrequency Neurotomy of the Cervical Facet Joints
Published in Alexander R. Vaccaro, Christopher M. Bono, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, 2007
The primary objective is to maximally coagulate the target nerve lengthwise by creating a matrix of lesions. This is achieved by placing the exposed tip of the electrode contiguous with (or at least within 1 mm) and parallel to the target nerve so that the entire width of the nerve can be incorporated in the lesion generated. In this regard knowledge of the surgical anatomy (35) and an appreciation of the radiographic anatomy cannot be overstated (26).
Influence of electrode to cochlear duct length ratio on post-operative speech understanding outcomes
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2022
Shayna P. Cooperman, Ksenia A. Aaron, Ayman Fouad, Emma Tran, Nikolas H. Blevins, Matthew B. Fitzgerald
The ability to use the ECDLR is dependent on the reliability and accuracy of the tool used to measure the CDL. The inter-rater reliability of this specific software, and other similar approaches have been established in prior studies (ICC of 0.54-0.78 between raters, and 0.63-0.92 within raters) (Canfarotta et al., 2020; Venail et al., 2015). In these studies, the estimated CDL varied on average by ∼1.5 mm between individuals, and in rare instances, deviated by 4–12 mm (Canfarotta et al., 2019; Rivas et al., 2017; Cooperman et al. 2021). These differences, however small, can affect CDL estimations, and thus ECDLR. It is important to understand that systematic differences between raters or between software programs may affect how anatomic landmarks are identified and therefore result in different CDL estimations. A small percentage of CDL estimates obtained in this study and in prior outside studies differ due to variability in the manual selection of radiographic landmarks (Canfarotta et al., 2019; Cooperman et al. 2021). To minimize this risk, users should be familiar with both the best practices for use of the software as well as relevant otologic radiographic anatomy.
Training for videofluoroscopic swallowing analysis: A systematic review
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2021
Ann Edwards, Elspeth Froude, Gabriella Sharpe, Paul Carding
In an effort to explore the variables that learners bring to training, Wooi et al. (2001) investigated the influence of learners’ theoretical knowledge of anatomy and physiology and their ability to identify radiographic anatomy on their ability to analyse VFSS. Undergraduate speech-language pathology students participated in 5 h of training, delivered 1 h per week for five weeks. After training, students reached the 75% accuracy criterion on eight VFSS ratings for anatomy and swallow physiology knowledge and performed strongly in identifying radiographic landmarks. The interrater reliability between students for the VFSS ratings in the final assessment was deemed poor to good (κ = 0.2–0.55 for the parameters). The students’ VFSS scores correlated with their results in the anatomy and physiology and radiographic landmark assessments. Unfortunately, the study did not describe the standard against which the students were assessed. There was a high attrition rate: 11 of 49 students did not submit the final assessment piece. This attrition presents the risk for bias, as students who had difficulty with the task may have self-selected out of the study. Without a pre-test, it is also difficult to assess the influence of training on the students’ results. However, the positive correlation between theory results and VFSS ratings suggests that theoretical learner strengths may influence response to training in VFSS.