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CT, MRI, and NMR Spectroscopy in Alzheimer Disease*
Published in Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini, Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Liane J. Leedom, Bruce L. Miller
Because AD is pathologically characterized by brain atrophy and neuronal cell loss it was hypothesized that atrophy on CT would correlate with the degree dementia and that the presence of atrophy would distinguish AD patients from those suffering from treatable dementia. Prior to CT, clinicians relied heavily on pneumoencephalography for the evaluation of atrophy in suspected dementia. This technique proved unsatisfactory because it carried with it significant morbidity. CT has proven to be more accurate in the diagnosis of atrophy than pneumoencephalography and without the attendant risks (Roberts et al., 1976).
Neurocutaneous Syndromes With Interstitial Lung Disease
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Diffuse cerebral atrophy and dilatation of the ventricular system may show on pneumoencephalography.48,49 Anterior horn cell disease is suggested by fibrillation potentials demonstrated by electromyograms.50 Loss of Purkinje and granular cell layer in the cerebellum,49 evidence of anterior horn cell degeneration and posterior column demyelination,47 skeletal muscle degeneration, degeneration of the acidophilic cells of the pituitary gland,51 and rare thalamic and hypothalamic lesions have all been described.
Nausea and Vomiting in the Clinical Practices of Radiology and Anesthesia
Published in John Kucharczyk, David J. Stewart, Alan D. Miller, Nausea and Vomiting: Recent Research and Clinical Advances, 2017
M. Riding, D. S. Litz, A. Gerber
Modern diagnostic methods have obviated the need for some of the more distressing procedures used in the practice of radiology. Intravenous cholecystography had a nausea rate of 10% and a vomiting rate of 4%. Pneumoencephalography was performed under general anesthesia in some centers. Even under local anesthesia the rate of vomiting was about 7%, which greater incidence if the patient was not fasted or the test was carelessly performed.33
Cranial Polyneuropathy Secondary to Remote Iophendylate Myelography
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2022
Radiocontrast agents are invaluable substances that not only enhance the visibility of internal structures but also offer diagnostic direction. Their use in neuroradiology can be found as early as 1918 with the development of ventriculography and pneumoencephalography by Dr Walter Dandy, cerebral angiography in 1930 by Dr Egas Moniz, and myelography with iophendylate in 1944.1,2 Today, contrast media are used most often with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and catheter angiography, with well-known adverse reactions including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, anaphylactoid reactions, and contrast nephropathy. Although rare, side effects may manifest years after use, especially with poorly absorbed contrast agents. I report a case of iophendylate-induced inflammation causing a cranial polyneuropathy, including a left trochlear nerve paresis and left trigeminal sensory neuropathy, about 30 years after myelography.
Deep brain stimulation and other surgical modalities for the management of essential tremor
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Kai-Liang Wang, Qianwei Ren, Shannon Chiu, Bhavana Patel, Fan-Gang Meng, Wei Hu, Aparna Wagle Shukla
Gamma knife procedure, pivotal in cancer treatment consists of precise destruction of normal or pathological cells in a desirable target without a consequence of unintentional collateral damage to the adjacent tissues [30,31]. Gamma knife thalamotomy is regarded as a noninvasive or a minimally invasive procedure because it does not require a burr hole drilling. Gamma knife radiosurgery was first described in 1951 by Leksell who later applied the technique to treat two patients with intractable cancer pain [32,33]. These patients received a dose of 200 to 250 Gy delivered to the thalamus. The thalamic target was identified indirectly with pneumoencephalography as there was no availability of MRI technology. The autopsy findings in these patients confirmed a well-circumscribed lesion in the posterior thalamus. In the current era, a combination of CT and MRI are performed for the identification of the thalamic target [34,35]. A Leksell G frame is then secured to the patient’s head and with the help of a treatment planning system (e.g., SurgiPlan, Elekta AB), the coordinates are determined. While MRI is employed for identification of the target, there is no further guidance obtained with neurophysiological testing such as the MER. Also there is no macrostimulation employed for either confirmation of tremor suppression or determination of side effects arising from unintended targeting of neighboring structures such as the internal capsule [36].
Phenytoin and damage to the cerebellum – a systematic review of published cases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Robin Ferner, Rachael Day, Sally M Bradberry
Iivanainen et al subjected 338 patients with epilepsy and ‘mental retardation’ to pneumoencephalography [19]. One hundred and thirty-one patients had been treated with phenytoin, of whom 19 had definite cerebellar signs on clinical examination. Abnormal pneumoencephalograms were found in 93% of the patients, of whom 36 were recorded to have cerebellar atrophy. Atrophy was present in significantly more patients who had suffered a clinical episode of phenytoin intoxication (8/36) than in those who had not (1/51; χ2 = 4.5, P < 0.05).