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Ion Beam Analysis: Analytical Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
NEC manufactures AMS systems in different energies, depending on the isotopes to be studied:250 kV systems are used for measuring carbon – 14C.500 kV systems are used for measuring carbon – 14C, beryllium – 10Be, aluminum – 26Al, and iodine – 129I.1 MV systems provide better isobaric separation for the above isotopes and are used for measuring calcium – 41Ca, and the actinides.3 MV systems provide further isobaric separation for the above isotopes.6 MV systems are recommended for measuring chlorine – 36Cl.
Radionuclides in water *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
There are numerous sources of anthropogenic (i.e., man-made) sources of radionuclides that have increased waterborne radionuclide concentrations locally, regionally, and worldwide. These sources include nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons production and reprocessing (e.g., Hanford, Washington, U.S.; Savannah River, South Carolina, U.S.; Mayak Production Association, Russia), permitted medical and industrial releases, nuclear weapons testing (e.g., Pacific Ocean and Nevada Test Site, U.S.; Semipalatinsk test site, Republic of Kazakhstan; Mururoa and Fangataufa atolls, French Polynesia), commercial fuel reprocessing (e.g., La Hague plant, France; Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant, Sellafield, England; Mayak Production Association, Russia), geological radioactive waste repositories, and nuclear accidents (e.g., Mayak, Russia; Chernobyl, Ukraine; Fukushima, Japan). Some of the man-made radionuclides of public health concern include cesium-137, iodine-131, iodine-129, plutonium-239, strontium-90, and uranium-235. For example, above ground nuclear testing increased anthropogenic radionuclides with longer half-lives in water worldwide including tritium (i.e., Hydrogen-3), plutonium-239 and 240, cesium-137, and strontium-90. Additional details about the various radionuclides are provided elsewhere (U.S. EPA, 2014; Weinhold, 2012; WHO, 2006).
Modeling principles of protective thyroid blocking
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Alexis Rump, Stefan Eder, Cornelius Hermann, Andreas Lamkowski, Manabu Kinoshita, Tetsuo Yamamoto, Junya Take, Michael Abend, Nariyoshi Shinomiya, Matthias Port
Nuclear fission processes release a large number of different fission products, including radioactive iodine nuclides. Uranium-235 usually splits asymmetrically and radioioiodine(s) fall(s) in one of the favored mass number regions of the fission products (peaks between 90–100 and 130–140). The main radioactive iodine isotopes formed by fission are iodine-131 (physical half-life, T1/2 = 8.02 d), iodine-129 (T1/2 = 1.57 107 y) and iodine-132 (T1/2 = 2.3 h; from Te-132) (ICRP 2017). Among the different iodine isotopes, iodine-131 is of particular importance (Blum and Eisenbud 1967). Iodine is characterized by its high volatility compared to most other fission products. In the case of nuclear incidents, e.g. nuclear power plant accidents or the detonation of a nuclear weapon, it must be expected that radioiodine will be released and also carried over greater distances (Verger et al. 2001; Chabot 2016). Radioiodine is quickly absorbed into the organism both by inhalation and via ingestion (Geoffroy et al. 2000; Verger et al. 2001). From a practical point of view, intake through contaminated drinking water and food probably plays the decisive role (Blum and Eisenbud 1967).