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New Trends
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
In India, ADSs have evoked considerable interest in the nuclear community of the world because of their capability to incinerate the MA and long-lived fission products radiotoxic waste and utilization of thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel. In Indian program, as described by Singh (2017), due to the vast thorium resources, ADS is particularly important as one of the potential routes for accelerated thorium utilization and the closure of the fuel cycle. The Department of Atomic Energy, India has envisaged the development of ADS in connection with its thorium utilization program. ADS consists of a high current proton accelerator, a spallation target and a sub-critical reactor. R&D is in progress for all the three systems. Efforts are on in India to develop such a system, one of the main components of which is a 1 GeV, high-intensity CW proton accelerator. The development is being done in phased manner and experimental facilities are set up to make ADS related studies. Initially, they have developed a 400 keV DC accelerator-based neutron source (108–109 n/second) for carrying out experiments on physics of ADS and for testing the simulations.
Reactor-Produced Radionuclides
Published in Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radionuclides Production, 2019
Neutron capture fission of U-235 and Pu-239 gives rise to a wide variety of fission product radionuclides, many of which are of interest as biomedical tracers. Their atomic numbers range from 30 to 66. While the long-lived fission product nuclides such as Cs-137, Sr-90, etc., can be conveniently recovered from fuel reprocessing wastes, medium and short-lived radionuclides are usually produced by irradiation of uranium (natural or enriched) in the reactor.
Radiation protection in the nuclear industry
Published in Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 2018
Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole
The coolant is being continually cleaned up by the coolant treatment system and so the long-lived fission products do not build up appreciably. The predominant fission product activities are usually krypton-88 (Kr-88) and xenon-138 (Xe-138), which are inert gases, their particulate daughter products rubidium-88 (Rb-88) and caesium-138 (Cs-138), and the three isotopes of iodine, I-131, I-133 and I-135. A seriously damaged fuel element could lead to considerable fission product activity being spread around the cooling system. In water-cooled reactors, the presence of fission products in the coolant is detected by sampling and radiochemical analysis. This is carried out routinely while the reactor is at power using special sampling facilities. The samples are tested for the presence of fission products, including nuclides of iodine, caesium and strontium. Most gas-cooled reactors are fitted with systems that continuously monitor the coolant for fission product activity.
The secondary spiral lamina and its relevance in cochlear implant surgery
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018
Sumit Agrawal, Nadine Schart-Morén, Wei Liu, Hanif M. Ladak, Helge Rask-Andersen, Hao Li
Mammals with low-frequency hearing have an SSL only in the basal turn, while mammals with high-frequency hearing seem to have a prominent SSL along the entire cochlear duct (1,15). In the horseshoe bat, the SSL was described as a substantial heart-shaped shelf of bone on the outer bony wall containing blood vessels. In radial sections, the tip points towards the BM, and, together with the enlarged SL, it may play a role for hydro-mechanical frequency analysis. The SSL is also prominent in rodents and guinea pigs where it seems to support the BM to the LW (1,16). In humans, the SSL appears to be limited to the lower part of the basal turn (3) or to a short region around the posterior and superior margins of the RW (4). In macerated bone specimens, its shape can be studied macroscopically to reach a short distance into the cochlea (4). This could also be verified in the present study. In recent investigations, we used high-resolution IHC (17,18), electron microscopy techniques (19), and micro-CT; the last-mentioned provided additional information about the 3D bony cochlear anatomy at the RW (20). An SSL was perceived to be more or less ossified. The OSL, BM, and LW could be seen to meet at one point. This point was named the ligament/lamina fusion point (LLFP) (20).