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No organ can make the body sick
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Kent also said, “One organ cannot make another organ sick”. But the whole medical knowledge says that one damaged organ always damages the other organ. I am giving a few examples. Chronic obstructive lung disease is a disease of the lung. After sometime, this disease damages the heart, which is labeled as cor pulmonale. Cancer of one organ affects various organs of the body by metastasis. “Carcinoma in the kidney affects adrenal gland, bone, brain, heart, lung, liver, lymph node, ovary, pancreas, skin, spleen, thyroid gland and muscles” (Lee, 1976, p. 538). Similarly, cancer of many organs can affect other organs of the body. Disease of the pancreas gives rise to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes of prolonged duration damages the kidney, eye, and nervous system. Damage in the brain also causes damage to other organs of the body. Brain controls all functions of the body. Damage in the brain leads to hemiplegia, paraplegia, vision loss, speech loss, etc. Hemiplegia means paralysis of half of the body, and paraplegia means paralysis of both the lower limbs. Conclusively, Kent was again wrong in his observations.
Methodology and Clinical Implementation of Ventilation/Perfusion Tomography for Diagnosis and Follow-up of Pulmonary Embolism and Other Pulmonary Diseases
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Administration of ventilation and perfusion agents should be performed with patients in a supine position in order to minimize gravitational gradients. During inhalation, activity over the lungs should be monitored to ensure adequate pulmonary deposition. The procedure starts with ventilation scintigraphy, which is usually based upon inhalation of a radio-aerosol (Table 14.1). Particles larger than 2 µm deposit mainly by impaction in large airways. Very fine particles smaller than 1 µm mainly move through the conductive airways and deposit in alveoli by diffusion. Technegas consisting of very small hydrophobic aerosolized particles (0.09 μm) diffuse more effectively through the central airways to periphery compared to liquid aerosols (like DTPA aerosols size, 1.4 -2 µm), minimizing hotspot formation in small airways. This is especially advantageous in patients with obstructive lung disease [9].
Pulmonary Function Testing
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Ekta Kakkar, Flavia CL Hoyte, Devasahayam J Christopher, Rohit K Katial
Pulmonary function testing helps to differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung disease. Obstructive lung disease is characterized by obstruction or narrowing of the airways. This is often due to excessive smooth muscle contraction. Examples of obstructive lung disease include asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis. Restrictive lung disease is characterized by the inability to fully expand the lungs. This results in decreased lung volume and increased work of breathing. Restrictive lung disease can be due to occupational exposures, medications, neuromuscular disorders or pulmonary fibrosis. Extrinsic diseases can also restrict expansion of the lung. For a comprehensive list of etiologies of restrictive lung disease see Table 16.1 (Johnson et al. 2014).
Significance of the physician’s and the patient’s sex in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Observed differences between patients with regard to sex revealed that being married or in a partnership, recorded alcohol abuse, having quit smoking, suffering from coronary artery disease or any cardiac disease, renal disease, a malignant condition and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were more frequent among male patients. Obstructive lung disease, as well as any lung disease, and autoimmune disease were more often observed in female patients, for details see Supplementary Table A3. Among the female patients, it was slightly more common after hospital discharge to be referred to a geriatric rehabilitation clinic (Table 2). No differences in respect to readmission within 2 weeks of hospital discharge were observed, female patients, 6% (25/404), male patients, 8% (33/422) (p = .4). Female physicians’ patients did not differ when compared to male physicians’ patients concerning referral to a geriatric rehabilitation clinic (Table 1), or readmission within 2 weeks of discharge, 6% (27/429), versus 8% (31/397) (p = .4).
Healthcare resource utilization and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with nebulized glycopyrrolate in the USA: a real-world data analysis
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2021
Xiaoli Niu, Victoria Divino, Sanjay Sharma, Mitch Dekoven, Vamshi Ruthwik Anupindi, Carole Dembek
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report states that COPD treatment and management goals include the reduction of symptoms and the risk for future exacerbations6. Administered alone or in combination, inhaled long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) are the mainstay bronchodilators used as maintenance therapy in COPD6. These medications are typically administered through a handheld inhaler device including metered-dose inhalers, dry power inhalers, or soft mist inhalers. Previous studies have shown that as many as 87% of COPD patients make at least one error when using these devices10. Patient characteristics such as older age, coordination limitations, and reduced inspiratory flow in particular have been shown to be associated with inhalation delivery errors11,12. As an alternative to handheld inhalers, nebulizers produce a fine mist of medication which allows patients to breathe normally without the need for high inspiratory flow, hand–breath coordination, or breath-holding that is required for handheld devices13,14. The choice of device for treatment delivery (e.g. nebulizer or handheld inhaler) should be tailored to patients’ ability to operate the device as well as their preferences in order to achieve optimal outcomes.
Screening for obstructive lung disease in hospitalized psychiatric patients
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Julie M. Midtgarden, Nicolai Renstrøm, Nicolai Obling, Uffe Bodtger
The diagnosis of obstructive lung disease depends on the criteria set for these diseases. In our study, we chose to use the fixed ratio for the FEV1/FVC for the diagnosis of airflow obstruction as recommended by the GOLD strategy document on COPD. However, this cut-off does have limitations as it tends to overestimate the prevalence of airflow obstruction in the elderly as the FEV1/FVC ratio tends to decline with old age regardless of exposure the noxious particles. It does however also tend to underestimate the prevalence in younger individuals [23]. The development of obstructive lung disease is a slow process, and the other characteristics like dyspnea and chronic bronchitis may precede the development of airflow obstruction. All diagnostic criteria will be a compromise between accuracy and feasibility and the fixed ratio is easy to interpret, but it is important to keep in mind that respiratory symptoms are a necessary part of the diagnosis as well as a relevant exposure such as tobacco.