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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and SPECT/CT Hybrid Imaging
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Michael Ljungberg, Kjell Erlandsson
In most SPECT/CT system, the CT unit is a high-resolution diagnostic system that can perform very fast CT studies resulting more or less in snapshots of the patient’s breathing-related geometry. However, the SPECT acquisition is made over a time frame that is relatively long and that necessarily includes breathing. This makes the attenuation, as ‘seen’ by the photons, into an average of the whole breathing cycle, and the resultant image is also affected by the breathing. Thus, if a ‘snap-shot’ CT study is used to be fusion with, or to correct, a SPECT study for attenuation, a mismatch may occur that can generate artefacts, especially close to boundaries between areas of different attenuation (lung/tissue or bone/tissue). Figure 16.9 illustrates this. The images have been generated from the XCAT phantom software [11], which includes very realistic models for organ motion. An CT image, averaged over the whole respiratory cycle, is shown together with images for the max exhalation and inhalations for the same position.
The Value of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion of Hua Tuo Five-Animal Play with Traditional Chinese Medicine
Published in Goh Cheng Soon, Gerard Bodeker, Kishan Kariippanon, Healthy Ageing in Asia, 2022
In the monkey’s stance, as the practitioner inhales, he shrugs his shoulders, lift his abdomen and anus, contracts his neck muscles and lift his heels. During exhalation, all muscles are relaxed. The tightening and loosening of muscles help to massage the heart and keeps the blood vessels unobstructed and the qi and blood to run smoothly. A two-way regulation effect of removing “Xin” (heart) fire and raising “Xin” (heart) blood is achieved. The monkey’s picking movement is easy and flexible, and the upper and lower limbs are well coordinated. It enables the mind to be nurtured and helps to refresh and resuscitate the brain.
Assessment for Rehabilitation of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
The basic function of respiratory muscles is to provide power for pulmonary ventilation through regular, nonstop contractile and diastolic movements. In pathological conditions, respiratory muscle fatigue and function decline will cause pulmonary ventilation disorders and respiratory failure, even affecting normal life. The main clinical manifestations of respiratory muscle fatigue include: Dyspnea.Changes in breathing patterns, such as rapid shallow breathing, or prolonged exhalation, wheezing, etc.Decrease in diaphragm motion amplitude.Recovery of respiratory muscle function after rest.Changes in lung function; lung capacity and pulmonary ventilation functions, such as vital capacity, tidal volume, maximum ventilatory volume, etc., can be reduced to different degrees when respiratory muscle fatigue occurs.
Respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, Tamara del Corral, Rodrigo Salvador-Sánchez, Santiago Angulo-Díaz-Parreño, José-Javier López-Marcos, Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
Abnormal breathing mechanics can change the respiratory chemistry and therefore pH, causing smooth muscle constriction, abnormal electrolyte balance, and decreased tissue oxygenation, generating a hyperventilation syndrome [48] that can contribute to some of the somatic symptoms reported by patients with anxiety, which is a highly prevalent condition in CNP [49]. Due to their persistent pain condition, patients with CNP might therefore be expected to exhibit chronic hyperventilation, which could be responsible for a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide pressure in these patients [12]. If hyperventilation is sustained over time, secondary physiological changes can occur, such as constriction of the brain arteries, increased neural excitability, and increased lactic acid production [50]. We therefore hypothesize a circular model for patients with CNP, in which anxiety leads to increased pain and vice versa. The involvement of the expiratory musculature is necessary to preserve respiratory flow when hyperventilation is maintained over time. Likewise, exhalation becomes an active process that requires the contraction of the expiratory muscles, producing a reduction in tele-expiratory pulmonary volume [51]. These processes could lead to an increase in expiratory muscle fatigue, which in turn could explain the reduction in MEP reported in this meta-analysis in patients with CNP [52,53].
Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilation management in neuromuscular diseases: a Delphi panel Consensus
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2023
Anna Annunziata, Paola Pierucci, Paolo Innocente Banfi, Annalisa Carlucci, Antonietta Coppola, Fabrizio Rao, Matteo Schisano, Francesca Simioli, Claudia Crimi, Antonio M. Esquinas, Zuhal Karakurt, Alessio Mattei, Antonella Marotta, John R. Bach, Giuseppe Fiorentino
The IAPV interface consists of an elastic inflatable bladder incorporated into an abdominal corset worn under the patient’s outer clothing. The bladder is connected by a tube to portable ventilators. This device differs in mechanical principle from traditional positive pressure ventilation modes. When the bladder is inflated, it compresses the abdominal wall and viscera. The diaphragm rises and exhalation from functional residual capacity occurs. When the bladder is deflated, the viscera and diaphragm fall under the force of gravity. Inspiration inevitably occurs passively, due to elastic recoil of the lungs/rib cage and descent of the diaphragm (Figure 1). Portable ventilators designed to operate the IAPV with dedicated software (as LunaBeltTM, Dima, Italy) are typically used to inflate the bladder but other portable ventilators can be equally effective. The LunaBeltTM is a turbine-driven ventilator with an internal battery. It can also be used for NVS in ST mode via noninvasive interfaces.
Modeling the therapy system of noninvasive pressure support ventilation with the respiratory patient in COPD and ARDS
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Yueyang Yuan, Lixin Xie, Wei Liu, Zheng Dai
As shown in Figure 3, during inhalation, the contracted respiratory muscles prop open the chest circumference. And a negative pressure (Pmus) is created in the thoracic cavity. Under the pressure of Pmus, the gas is inhaled into the lung through the airway as the spontaneous inspiratory airflow. During exhalation, the respiratory muscles are in relaxed. The expanded thoracic cavity returns back to its original size. And the gas in the lung is exhaled out from the lung through the airway as the spontaneous expiratory flow. As shown in Equation (2), the pressure of Pmus is described with a mathematic function of time (t) (Yamada and Du 2000; Saatçi and Akan 2007). In a respiratory cycle (0<t ≤ T), the Pmus is in sinusoidal decreasing during the time interval (0<t≤Tpmus_rise), in sinusoidal increasing during the time interval (Tpmus_rise < t≤Tpmus_release), and in zero (Pmus = 0) during the time interval (Tpmus_release < t ≤ T).