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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Anthracosis Term coined in 1837 by Thomas Stratton of North Shields, England to denote a form of lung disease. It manifests as abundant expectoration of black sputum, and was shown to be due to inhalation of soot by J.Wiesner of Germany in 1892.
A Geomedical Appraisal of Australia and New Zealand
Published in Jul Låg, Geomedicine, 2017
Inhalation of rock and/or coal dust has always created a health hazard in mines and their environs. Chronic exposure to dust containing fine particles of free silica has been a particular hazard in hard-rock mining, sand blasting operations, and founderies. It produces silicosis and chronic pulmonary fibrosis which is irreversible. Anthracosis is a related pneumoconiosis in coal miners. Both were prevalent in Australia during the last century, particularly in association with tuberculosis, but have been largely overcome by better ventilation, mining practice, and the use of masks.
Respiratory Tuberculosis
Published in Peter D O Davies, Stephen B Gordon, Geraint Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2014
Certain lifestyles predispose exposed people to tuberculosis infection. These include factors that reduce host immunity. Globally, the most important acquired immune deficiency is that related to HIV infection (see Chapter 18, on directly observed treatment [DOTS] and DOTS plus, and Chapter 17, on the association between HIV and tuberculosis in the developing world) [30]. Malnutrition also results in impaired cellular responses to mycobacterial antigens as well as reduced immunoglobulins and innate immune factors [31]. Excessive alcohol consumption has been shown to acutely impair alveolar macrophage function as well as producing a fall in immunoglobulin when end-stage liver disease occurs. Recreational drug abusers are also at high risk of TB through a complicated host–environmental interface [32–35]. Exposure to cigarette [36] and other smoke, including cooking smoke [37], from consumption of biomass fuels (burned organic material) increases the risk of tuberculosis in adults and children. An important environmental risk factor in some communities is the effect of inhaled dust. Silicosis, asbestosis and anthracosis are all associated with increased rates of tuberculosis infection [38].
SERPINB9 is commonly amplified and high expression in cancer cells correlates with poor immune checkpoint blockade response
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Sofía Ibáñez-Molero, Alex van Vliet, Joanna Pozniak, Karlijn Hummelink, Alexandra M. Terry, Kim Monkhorst, Joyce Sanders, Ingrid Hofland, Ewout Landeloos, Yannick Van Herck, Oliver Bechter, Thomas Kuilman, Weiwei Zhong, Jean-Christophe Marine, Lodewyk Wessels, Daniel S. Peeper
Immunohistochemistry of samples was performed on a BenchMark Ultra autostainer (Ventana Medical Systems). Briefly, paraffin sections were cut at 3 µm, heated at 75°C for 28 minutes and deparaffinized in the instrument with EZ prep solution (Ventana Medical Systems). Heat-induced antigen retrieval was carried out using Cell Conditioning 1 (CC1, Ventana Medical Systems) for 64 minutes at 95°C. PI-9 (SERPINB9) was detected using a polyclonal (1/1600 dilution, 1 hour at R.T, Abcam ab36624). Bound antibody was visualized using the OptiView DAB Detection Kit (Ventana Medical Systems). Slides were counterstained with Hematoxylin and Bluing Reagent (Ventana Medical Systems). The scoring was performed blinded with Slidescore®. Percentage of positivity (of any intensity) of the cancer cells or of the stroma (including lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, etc) was evaluated. Necrotic areas, luminal debris or other pigment areas (e.g., iron pigment or anthracosis) were not included. Samples with no tumor cells were excluded from the analysis.
COPD in Biomass exposed nonsmokers: a different phenotype
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Surinder Jindal, Aditya Jindal
Lung pathology is likely to depend upon the type of inflammation. Characterized with thickening of the airway wall and peribronchiolar fibrosis, it is more of a small airway disease than emphysema [76]. A greater amount of pigment deposition and fibrosis (bronchial anthraco-fibrosis) and thicker pulmonary arterial intima have been described in the lungs of biomass exposed, NS-COPD; there was lesser degree of emphysema seen in these patients [76]. Bronchoscopy done in 42 biomass-exposed, nonsmoking women showed edema, erythema, bronchial narrowing, and deposition of blue-black anthracotic plaques. Histopathological changes on transbronchial biopsies revealed anthracosis, inflammatory cell infiltrate, and thickening. It is however not possible to say whether these changes are distinct to biomass-exposed patients [77].
Can artificial intelligence distinguish between malignant and benign mediastinal lymph nodes using sonographic features on EBUS images?
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020
Neslihan Ozcelik, Ali Erdem Ozcelik, Yilmaz Bulbul, Funda Oztuna, Tevfik Ozlu
A total of 345 LN images were retrospectively evaluated. The patients included 235 males (68.1%) and 110 females (31.9%), and their mean age was 59.1 years (22–88). Overall, 49.3% (170) and 50.7% (175) of the patients were pathologically evaluated as malignant and benign, respectively. The pathological subtypes included lung cancer (41.2%), sarcoidosis (23.5%), benign cytology (23.2%), other metastases (2%), tuberculosis (1.7%), lymphoma (5.8%), anthracosis (2%), malignant germ cell tumours (0.3%), and silicosis (0.3%). Patients whose pathology results were benign were considered to be benign, provided that their clinical and radiological follow-up was stable for at least six months. The application developed using the ANN method was tested on the EBUS images. The quantitative data of the pixel-based texture characteristics by ANN diagnosis were statistically compared with the pathological results. The diagnostic yields for each application group are provided in Table 1.