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The Auditory System and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
The mechanisms whereby music impacts nutrition and consumption is unclear but may reflect a direct effect of sound on chemosensation (Fantino and Goillot 1986; Srinivasan 1955). Or, music may act on arousal, or on mood, which then secondarily affects appetite or chemosensation (Zampini and Spence 2010). Alternatively, like odors, music may impact on time perception, and thus assessment of time duration consuming a meal, leading to more time eating (perceived as less) ultimately leading to overconsumption (Eghil, Yakov, Hirsch, Kaur, Freels, and Gamra 2010; Zampini and Spence 2010).
Empirical Evidence on the Difference Between Left and Right Hemispheres in Perceptual Processes
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
Two studies report on lateral differences in recognising temporal patterns in the somatosensory modality. Bakker and van der Kleij (1978), using children aged seven and eleven, tested the ability to recognise the sequence of touching of two fingers in left or right hand. Each “touch” had a duration of 500 msec. At both ages there was a significant right hand superiority in this task. Hammond (1981) used, as a “baseline”, a stimulus consisting of a sequence of 5, regularly-sequenced touches, whose inter-stimulus intervals could be from 100 to 500 msec. The sixth touch in the sequence could continue the regular pattern, or could be separated by a different interval. The threshold interval by which the sixth stimulus had to diverge from preceding regular stimuli, in order for the irregularity to be detected was determined by ascending and descending series of intervals. The preferred hand (i.e. the right hand in five out of six subjects) had the better temporal acuity. For instance, with the 100 msec regular interval, the threshold acuity of the right vs. the left hand was 25 vs 45 msec on the descending series and 65 vs 75 msec on the ascending one. While this task is not a temporal order judgement it is an assessment of accuracy of time perception, as in other studies mentioned for the auditory modality.
Time passing
Published in Patrick Rabbitt, The Aging Mind, 2019
Judging the durations of very brief periods, of the order of seconds or milliseconds, is an unsatisfying way to explore the general elderly experience of a subjectively accelerating world. What we older people usually mean when we say that time has speeded up is that when we remember and compare stretches of our lives, more recent days, weeks and months seem to have passed more rapidly than more distant times. When we compare remembered spans of experience, since we cannot perceive time directly, we must compare the remembered densities of experiences over different parts of our lives. How we manage to estimate intervals of a second or less is quite a different matter. On the gross scale of hours, days, weeks and years, time perception depends on comparing what we can remember about what went on during these different parts of our life cycles.
Comparing graduate occupational therapy students’ perceived time use, temporality, and tempo of occupational participation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2022
Julie M. Werner, Amanda C. Jozkowski
Humans possess an acute ability to perceive the passage of time and engage in precisely timed behaviors (Rao et al., 2001). Time perception—sometimes used interchangeably with tempo—may be altered by events, emotions, or changes in time use, whether intrinsically or extrinsically constrained, and whether permanent or impermanent in nature. Temporal contraction and dilation correlate with age (Iwamoto & Hoshiyama, 2011), sleep quality (Fichten et al., 2005), affective state (Droit-Volet & Meck, 2007; Yamada & Kawabe, 2011), task satisfaction (Gupta & Cummings, 1986), medical emergencies (Eisen, 2009), exercise (Zephier, 2008), visual perceptual alterations (Frassinetti et al., 2009), cognitive demand (Dhaliwal, 2019), and even ambient odors (Brand et al., 2016) and taste (Gil et al., 2009). Furthermore, time perception is altered in persons with a number of health conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease (Koch et al., 2004), schizophrenia (Thoenes & Oberfeld, 2017), chronic fatigue syndrome (Pemberton & Cox, 2014), and ADHD (Smith et al., 2002).
Feasibility of an intervention to facilitate time and everyday functioning in preschoolers
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2022
Sara Wallin Ahlström, Gunnel Janeslätt, Lena Almqvist
Several studies have evaluated interventions designed to support TPA in school-aged children. One randomised study investigated an intervention using time assistive devices in 6–10-year-old children with functional disabilities. TPA and the ability to manage time increased more in the intervention group than in the control group [27] training organisation and time management in school-aged children with ADHD have also shown positive results [7,8]. Still, there is a lack of knowledge on how to remediate the time perception that develops earlier than both orientations to time and time management [10]. Hence, TPA intervention programs in young INS children must be evaluated for their feasibility and usefulness in inclusive pre-school settings. The National Agency has developed a new occupational therapy (OT) intervention program for systematic training of TPA in children with IDs (called ‘MyTime’) for Special Needs Education and Schools (Swedish: SPSM) [28]. The MyTime program is based on' the quarter-hour principle’ method derived from time-assistive devices [29]. The purpose is to provide multiple options to collect experiences of the duration of everyday activities, using a system of dots in which each dot represents a quarter of an hour (15 min) [28]. MyTime was evaluated in a randomised study showing that the 8-week program effectively increased TPA in children 10–17 years of age (n = 60) with mild to moderate IDs [30]. Whether this method works for pre-school INS children is unclear.
Occupational performance goals and outcomes of time-related interventions for children with ADHD
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2021
Birgitta Wennberg, Gunnel Janeslätt, Per A. Gustafsson, Anette Kjellberg
Time-processing ability (TPA) is a cognitive function and develops with maturation during childhood and adolescence, starting with time perception, followed by time orientation and time management [13,14]. Time perception is a mental function related to the subjective experiences of the length and passage of time. Time orientation is the awareness of day, date, month and year, the understanding of time concepts, and being able to tell the time. Time management is the mental function of ordering events in chronological sequences and allocating the correct amount of time for activities [13,15,16]. Time management develops last and is part of executive functioning. The results of three studies statistically support the use of one unidimensional construct, TPA [11,13,16], in which the three concepts may mirror a developmental sequence from time perception via time orientation to time management, indicating increasingly complex levels of TPA. The three concepts are defined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) [17].