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Statistical Analysis
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
If a new regimen is found to have an efficacy of 78% against 75% of an existing regimen in a study on 40 cases and 40 controls, would you take the risk of using this new treatment on future cases? Two pertinent questions are: (i) whether a rather small sample of 40 each is enough to inspire confidence; and (ii) whether this small difference of 3% in efficacy, even if real, is worth the effort of switching from the existing strategy to the new one. If 3% is too small to take the risk, what minimum gain can be considered medically relevant for adopting the new regimen? For many researchers this is a ticklish question. But the encumbrance of specifying a medically relevant minimum difference is on the researcher. Suppose clinical considerations indicate that the gain must exceed 8% for shifting to a new treatment strategy for future cases. The alternative hypothesis in such a situation is one-sided that says that difference in efficacies is more than 8%. The null hypothesis is that it is 8%. Less than 8% is also part of the null as default. A test to detect such a medically relevant difference in proportions is easy to do with the help of a z-test for proportions instead of chi-square, provided that samples are large. We are omitting the details and leave this to statistical texts.
Strategy 7: Create a low-cost marketing engine
Published in Philip Newsome, Chris Barrow, Trevor W Ferguson, Profitable Dental Practice, 2019
Philip Newsome, Chris Barrow, Trevor W Ferguson
Your goal should be to create a reservoir system and devote yourself to filling it with 1000 names, making sure that it is continually filled through marketing activities and making sure too that you ‘tickle’ the people in your reservoir continually. By ‘tickling’ we mean that you have some system for following up with the people in your reservoir on a regular basis, for example: follow-up phone call or emailnewslettertipsspecial offersnewspaper articles.
Neuromuscular disorders
Published in Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse, Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Pain is confounding. The same receptors that appreciate discomfort also respond to tickling with feelings of pleasure. The electrical discharge in ‘mild’ pain is no different from that in ‘severe’ pain. That the degree of discomfort is related to the magnitude of the physical stimulus cannot be doubted, but ultimately both the severity of the pain and its character are experienced subjectively and cannot be measured.
Validation of the Arabic version of vocal tract discomfort scale
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2020
Wesam B. Darawsheh, Abeer Shdaifat, Yaser S. Natour
Figure 1 demonstrate the most frequent and severe symptoms in both the healthy and the patient groups. The most frequent and severe signs of discomfort in the patient group were dryness (frequency 1.45 ± 1.73; severity 1.61 ± 1.69), tightness (frequency 1.1 ± 1.8; severity 1.26 ± 1.97), aching (frequency 0.74 ± 1.21; severity 0.97 ± 1.58), and irritability (frequency 0.71 ± 1.37; severity 0.84 ± 1.59; Figure 1). This was relatively different from the most frequently and severe reported signs of discomfort in the healthy group. The most frequent and severs signs of discomfort in the health group were dryness (frequency 0.81 ± 2.02; severity 0.71 ± 1.27) and tickling (frequency 0.37 ± 1.01; severity 0.42 ± 1.13). Aching (0.34 ± 1.02), was reported to be the third most frequent sign, and the tightness (0.41 ± 1.11) was reported to be the third most severe sign.
Effect of AAC partner training using video on peers’ interpretation of the behaviors of presymbolic middle-schoolers with multiple disabilities*
Published in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2018
Christine Holyfield, Janice Light, Kathryn Drager, David McNaughton, Jessica Gormley
In typical development, communication partners interpret presymbolic behavior as communicative and provide responses accordingly. Partner responses generally contain a behavioral component (e.g., responding to the child’s communicative intent) and a linguistic map (i.e., a word or phrase symbolically representing the meaning of the behavior) (Carter & Iacono, 2002; Yoder, Warren, Kim, & Gazdag, 1994). For example, if a child laughs when tickled, his or her friend might respond behaviorally by laughing along and doing more tickling, accompanying the tickling with the linguistic map, “Oh, that tickles!” When applied consistently, these responses encourage an increase in use of presymbolic communication and support the child in building an association between the concept and its representation (i.e., the word or phrase). Thus, through these consistent responses, symbolic language emerges (Grove et al., 1999).
Vocal tract discomfort and voice handicap index in patients undergoing thyroidectomy
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2022
Masoumeh Saeedi, Meysam Yadegari, Samira Aghadoost, Maryam Naderi
In conclusion, there was relatively high prevalence of VTD symptoms in the thyroidectomy patients undergoing thyroidectomy although the frequency and severity of VTD symptoms were low. An increment in the frequency and severity of tickling was reported by total thyroidectomy patients, post-thyroidectomy post-operatively. Dryness was the most common symptom, pre- and post-thyroidectomy pre- and post-surgery. Type of thyroidectomy, voice problem history, and vocal abuse and misuse behaviors seemed to influence the frequency and severity of VTD. Considering the correlation between VTD and VHI, the VTD scale provided important clinical information and can be adopted for pre-operative evaluation and consultation.