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Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Fredrick Dombrowski, Natasha Chung, Robert Yates
Due to the high comorbidity between ADHD and other mental health problems, which can range from 50% to 90% (Shokane et al., 2004), diagnosis of ADHD is multifaceted. Individuals who are diagnosed with ADHD may commonly present with one or more additional mental health problems. As a result, gaining insight into developmental history and reports of collateral informants are important to help guide diagnosis. Some mental health problems may present with symptoms that mimic ADHD, including bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorder, among others. Collateral informant reports are an important part of diagnosis and are commonly administered to parents, teachers, and other caregivers to collect data regarding behavioral performance in multiple settings. Tests of intellectual ability and academic achievement can be utilized to evaluate performance on measures related to problems with ADHD, such as working memory and executive function. Additionally, tests of attention performance that evaluate sustained attention can be utilized to attempt to directly measure attention ability to aid in differential diagnosis.
A psychoanalytic approach to psychoeducational evaluations
Published in Jed A. Yalof, Anthony D. Bram, Psychoanalytic Assessment Applications for Different Settings, 2020
Joelle’s neurocognitive vulnerabilities included (a) marked variability in her functioning, (b) extremely slow visual processing speed, word retrieval, and production, (c) dysgraphia, and (d) significant impairment in focusing, sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, planning, and organization.
Setting the Stage for Well-Being
Published in Marlysa Sullivan, Laurie C. Hyland Robertson, Understanding Yoga Therapy, 2020
Marlysa Sullivan, Laurie C. Hyland Robertson
Alternate-nostril breath, sometimes referred to as nadi shodhana, has been shown to activate the parasympathetic nervous system as demonstrated by measures of heart rate and blood pressure. This type of pranayama also affects cognitive processes for improved sustained attention.11 Left-nostril breathing increases parasympathetic activity, including increased heart rate variability.12 Right-nostril breathing has been shown to increase sympathetic activity.13 These different effects indicate that we can tailor alternate- or left-nostril breathing to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and right-nostril breathing for sympathetic activation. Different yogic schools of thought suggest various patterns for encouraging particular effects.
The efficacy of mindfulness-based intervention in ameliorating externalizing behaviors and attentional concerns among college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Shailja Sharma, Ronald Palomares-Fernandez
Attention problems were measured by the Continuous Performance Test, Third Edition (CPT-3) and the Conners Continuous Auditory Test of Attention (CATA).17 On the CPT-3, performance is measured on four indices – inattentiveness, impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. Inattentiveness is measured by the ability to discriminate targets accurately as well as by measuring the response speed and consistency. Impulsivity is measured by a faster reaction time, above-average rate of missed targets, and incorrect responses to non-targets. Sustained attention is defined as the ability to maintain attention as the administration progresses. Vigilance relates to the respondent’s performance at varying levels of stimulus frequency and is defined by the respondent’s ability to maintain performance level even when the task is slow. The CPT-3 presents with good psychometric properties. The test–retest reliability estimates for the CPT-3 across two assessments 1–5 weeks apart was acceptable (r = .67). Internal consistency reliability for the CPT-3 was high as the median split-half reliability estimate ranged from r = .92 to .93 across all groups, and from r = .92 to .95 for the clinical sample. These findings suggest good reliability and stability over repeated assessments and that the scores are likely unaffected by practice effects. The CPT-3 also demonstrates satisfactory validity.17
Can biofeedback-based training alleviate fatigue and vigilance performance in fatigued MS patients?
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Carina Sander, Niclas Braun, Fenja Modes, Hans-Peter Schlake, Paul Eling, Helmut Hildebrandt
The fact that changes in ANS functioning did not affect experienced fatigue is intriguing because previous studies have shown that (1) vagal stimulation reduces inflammation in humans (Borovikova et al., 2000; Chrousos & Boschiero, 2019), that (2) biofeedback influences direct and indirect blood parameters indicating inflammation (Chrousos & Boschiero, 2019; Kern-Buell et al., 2000), that (3) biofeedback is able to immunize heart rate variability against changes induced by being exposed to an endotoxin challenge (Lehrer et al., 2010), and that (4) vagal/parasympathetic processing activates the same brain regions that are related to fatigue: the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the insular cortex (Critchley et al., 2001). Our model for the explanation of MS related fatigue also assumes a direct link between parasympathetic (vagal) afferents (as part of a neuro-inflammatory reflex) and experienced fatigue. Assuming that the postulated model is not incorrect, one reasonable explanation for why we did not find such a relation is the low intensity of the therapy. The intervention was presented only twice. In healthy participants, an improvement of sustained attention performance was already seen after conducting the intervention once (Braun et al., 2015). In MS patients this effect was stable only for phase 1 and phase 3, however not for phase 4, even if we did the training twice.
Does Music Listening Affect Attention? A Literature Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Camila Guimarães Mendes, Luiza Araújo Diniz, Débora Marques Miranda
Sustained attention (N = 3): included studies which involved tests that measured sustained attention. A study used the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) (involves the rapid presentation of black numbers, 0–9, on a white background and requires the participants to response with a mouse click to every number except for the number 3) (Baldwin & Lewis, 2017). Another study used the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB) to measure the attention of children. The battery includes an episode task where the child should play freely with decorated cubes for 3 min (divided into 6-time intervals of 10s). Each time interval is scored for intensity of the facial interest, duration of observation, and manipulation. All scores were averaged to compute a composite score of Sustained attention (Lejeune et al., 2019). A study also used a single clinical neuropsychological assessment that assessed focused attention and sustained attention (Särkämö et al., 2008).