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Laterality Effects for Higher Cognitive Processes
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
One of the ways in which laterality can be changed from the perceptual styles characteristic of each hemisphere (discussed in Chapter 6), is by requiring the subject to engage in another (“concurrent”) task. In one of Kinsbourne’s early papers on this subject (Kinsbourne, 1970) the basic task was detection of a gap in a square, presented tachistoscopically for 6-16 msec (individually adjusted to give 30% error rate). For the concurrent task, subjects were also required to rehearse a series of words “subvocally”. In the control condition (i.e. without rehearsal), there was no significant laterality effect. With verbal rehearsal as the concurrent task, overall performance did not deteriorate, but a right field advantage appeared (p < 0.01). In a later paper (Kinsbourne, 1973) this result was repeated, and it was made clear that subvocalisation of words not only improved right field performance but also worsened left field performance. Kinsbourne also discusses more tentative evidence suggesting that subvocal rehearsal of music shifts the advantage to the right hemisphere.
Hallucination-focused Integrative Treatment
Published in Jack A. Jenner, Hallucination-focused Integrative Therapy, 2015
The primary target of HIT psychoeducation is the voice hearing itself. Information about psychiatric disorders is adjusted depending upon the patient’s insight into and acceptation of mental illness and their attitude and readiness towards psychiatric diagnoses and treatment. HIT psychoeducation includes: epidemiological facts about voice hearing, summaries of relevant theories such as subvocalization, neurotransmitters, treatment efficacy, links between trauma and AVHs, and the impact of AVHs on voice hearer and relatives. The timing and order of these lectures depend upon the stages of illness awareness, coping behaviour and treatment process.
The effects of diurnal variability and modality on false memories formation
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Justyna M. Olszewska, Amy E. Hodel, Anna Ceglarek, Magdalena Fafrowicz
Regarding phonologically similar stimuli, we should expect more errors in the morning than in the evening (Folkard 1979); however, it is unclear if stimuli presented in both modalities (visual and auditory) are equally subjected to these changes. Folkard’s (1979) justification for reliance on maintenance processing in the morning is based only on auditorily presented stimuli. If maintenance processing is the primary component contributing to diurnal variations, then more errors should also be noticed for items presented visually. However, another explanation includes Baddeley’s working memory model specific to the phonological loop. The phonological loop consists of a phonological store responsible for holding acoustic information and the articulatory control process, responsible for rehearsing verbal material (Baddeley 1992, 2010, 2012; Baddeley and Hitch 1974). This system can maintain auditorily presented material by subvocal rehearsing, process visually presented verbal material and register it in a phonological store by subvocalization (Baddeley 1992). Therefore, we speculate that possible differences between morning and evening hours for visually presented stimuli could be due to the need to convert written material into an articulatory code so that it can enter the phonological store (Baddeley 1986). However, converting visual material will likely result in a stronger memory trace, thus, consistent with Folkard (1979), we predict increased rates of false memories for acoustically related lures presented auditorily but not visually.
Cognitive training for the prevention of skill decay in temporarily non-performing orthopedic surgeons
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Robi Kelc, Matjaz Vogrin, Janja Kelc
Subvocalization is a natural process of internal speech typically undertaken during reading. In terms of surgical training, visual images are recalled by an internal self-talk (Immenroth et al. 2007). This type of training represents not only a possible next step in external observative training but also a practical way of performing mental imagery training for more experienced surgeons. Novice surgeons especially should pay attention to every detail in a systematic manner (i.e., patient positioning before shoulder arthroscopy, trocar insertion, opening of the water inflow valve, rotating the optics, identify intra-articular structures, etc.), whereas more experienced surgeons can focus more on a specific difficult step (i.e., placing stitches in a cuff tear and placing a screw in the correct position).
A weakly informative prior for Bayesian dynamic model selection with applications in fMRI
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2018
Jairo A. Fúquene Patiño, Brenda Betancourt, João B. M. Pereira
A block design was used where the block of neutral trials was alternated with the block of interference trials. We have 6 blocks of neutral and interference trials, where each block consists of 18 trials presented at a rate of one trial each 2 s. Each trial consisted of a 300 ms fixation cross by a 1200 ms presentation of the stimulus (shape) and a 500 ms inter-trial interval. Finally, participants were instructed to subvocally name each shape with the corresponding color from the learning phase ignoring the ink color in which the shape was presented. Subvocalization (characterized by the occurrence in the mind of words in speech order with or without inaudible articulation of the speech organs) was utilized in an effort to avoid possible motion artifacts. Figure 1 displays the stimulus and HRF of this experiment.