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Norms and Scores
Published in Lucy Jane Miller, Developing Norm-Referenced Standardized Tests, 2020
A variation of the standard score is the stanine scale which is a system of derived scores that divides the distribution of raw scores into nine parts (the term stanine was derived from standard nines).27 The highest stanine score is 9, the lowest is 1, and stanine 5 is located precisely in the center of the distribution. In normal distributions, stanines have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation equal to 2. Thus, a score between 3 to 7 stanines is considered within normal limits. The percentage of a group that falls within each stanine in a normal distribution is as follows:
Statistics and test score interpretation
Published in Claudio Violato, Assessing Competence in Medicine and Other Health Professions, 2018
A T-score of 50 indicates “average” performance since it is the mean of the distribution. Most people would interpret a test score of 50 as a marginal passing score since they have been exposed to years of school use where this number magically indicates a “pass.” Moreover, a T-score of 60, which would indicate to these same people a passing but lackluster performance, in reality indicates quite superior performance since it is 1 SD above the mean. The problem is that most people interpret T-scores as though they are percentage test scores and thus misunderstand them. In a continuing attempt to develop simple standard scores that are not misinterpreted by the lay person, testing experts have invented the stanine.
Screening for learning disabilities in Oman: confirmatory factor analysis of the Arabic version of the learning disabilities diagnostic inventory
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2021
Mahmoud Mohamed Emam, Rashid Almehrizi, Ehab Omara, Ali Mahdi Kazem
According to the user manual, the LDDI has excellent psychometric properties. Internal consistency reliability coefficients exceeded .90 for all scales. Evidence for stability and interscorer reliability is provided, and coefficients ranged between .80 and .90. Validity indicators showed that the LDDI scores have content description, criterion‐prediction, and construct‐identification validity. Validity testing involved extensive item selection and differentiation examinations, which included confirmatory factor analysis, and the examination of the LDDI’s relationship to age, academic achievement, group differentiation, gender, and ethnicity, all of which support the validity of the LDDI scores. Students are identified as being at risk for having LD based on the use of stanines (1–9) which are converted from raw scores. A profile of a typical student with LD includes at least one score below stanine 6 (i.e. 5 or lower) and at least one score above 6 (i.e. 7 or higher). This pattern which contains both low and high scores indicates the presence of a significant intraindividual difference in that at least one score indicates an intrinsic processing disorder while another score shows normal performance. Alternatively, profiles composed of consistently low or high scores do not indicate the risk status for LD (Hammill and Bryant 1998).
Exploring the Role of Sexual Avoidance in Male Sexual Dysfunction
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
Sexual avoidance was assessed using the 7 item avoidance subscale of the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS; Rust & Golombok, 1986) - a 28 item self-report scale of sexual dysfunction. Higher scores indicate more frequent sexual avoidance. Example items are “Do you try to avoid having sex with your partner?” and “Do you avoid engaging in specific sexual behaviors (e.g., intercourse) because you’re worried about your sexual function?” The GRISS has exhibited adequate validity and reliability in multiple studies (Rust & Golombok, 1986; van Lankveld & ter Kuile, 1999).1In validation studies, scores on the GRISS were computed using stanines. In the current sample, the mean stanine score on the avoidance subscale was 4.92 (SD = 1.97), which is near the cutoff score of 5 specified by the initial authors as indicating a “problem.” Responses in the current sample were very similar to other samples of men reporting sexual problems, but not necessarily seeking treatment (van Lankveld & ter Kuile, 1999). However, the conversion from raw scores to stanine scores necessarily results in lost information (i.e., men with different raw scores receive the same standardized score). As such, we utilized the raw sum of item scores in all analyses (although results did not differ substantially regardless of which coding method was used). In the current sample, Cronbach’s alpha for the avoidance subscale was 0.87.
Development and validation of a HEXACO situational judgment test
Published in Human Performance, 2019
Janneke K. Oostrom, Reinout E. de Vries, Mariska de Wit
The Ministry of Defense uses the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992) to measure applicants’ Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Each scale is measured using 48 items that ask respondents to indicate the accuracy of different statements about themselves with response options ranging from 1 (very inaccurate) to 5 (very accurate). We were only able to retrieve stanine scores, ranging from 1 (very low) to 9 (very high) based on general selection norms. The test manual reported adequate Cronbach’s alphas for the five scales (Neuroticism = .92, Extraversion = .89, Openness to Experience = .87, Agreeableness = .86, Conscientiousness = .90) and test–retest coefficients after 6 years (Neuroticism = .83, Extraversion = .82, Openness to Experience = .83, Agreeableness = .63, Conscientiousness = .79).