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Environmental resources 1
Published in Tony Cassidy, Stress, Cognition and Health, 2023
In the early days of attachment theory, it was assumed that the infant needed to form attachment to mother and thus the focus on maternal attachment (Bowlby, 1951). This generated a debate which came to some form of conclusion with the publication in 1972 of Michael Rutter’s book Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. It was concluded that while in very many cases the child’s first attachment is to their mother, this need not be the case. A child can attach to any person who provides initial care, and indeed a child may attach to several people. It is not the person that is important but the quality of the relationship formed. Ideally for healthy development, that will be secure attachment. Furthermore, a child may compensate for initial insecure attachment by forming a secure attachment to another person in their life cycle. For example, a child who is insecurely attached to parents may form a secure attachment to a social worker or other person if taken into state care. This simple overview does not do justice to the complexity of attachment but will suffice for current purposes.
Quality of Life
Published in David E. Orlinsky, How Psychotherapists Live, 2022
D. E. Orlinsky, M. H. Rønnestad, H. A. Nissen-Lie
If attachment style is largely determined early in life, as theoretically supposed, then it has a causal priority in this association. The capacity for Secure attachment seems to facilitate and enhance a sense of intimacy and emotional rapport, and a sense of being genuinely cared for and supported, in adult life—presumably by enabling individuals to engage in and sustain close personal relationships. Contrariwise, acquiring either type of insecure attachment, anxious or avoidant, seems to predispose individuals to more often encounter adult situations of conflict, disappointment and loss, of worry and concern, and a tendency to feel stressed and hassled by pressures of everyday life. Personal self and attachment disposition— as two partially overlapping aspects of the therapist’s psychological makeup—clearly are important sources for the therapist’s quality of life, even more than their age, gender, beliefs patterns, and the circumstances of their life situations.
Early adulthood
Published in Julia Whitaker, Alison Tonkin, Play for Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
The transition from being part of a couple to becoming parents involves one of the most profound reorganizations of the lifespan, with changes in the brains, endocrine systems, behaviors, identities, and relationships of everyone involved (Divecha 2015). It is a transition which requires a shift in the attachment relationship away from the satisfaction of personal needs to providing protection, comfort, and care for a child. A wealth of research has shown that our own experience of parental attachment impacts on the ways we think, feel, and behave in the context of romantic relationships (Mikulincer and Goodman 2006). John Bowlby (1988), the father of attachment theory, predicted that a parent’s own attachment experiences and representations would subsequently influence their attitudes and behavior when they became parents themselves. Studies have shown that adults who are identified as having a secure attachment to their own parents tend to be more sensitive and responsive parents themselves and to have a positive (secure) attachment relationship with their own children (van Ijzendoorn 1995). In a recent review of the literature, Jones et al. (2015) found compelling evidence for an association between parents’ self-reported attachment styles and many aspects of parenting, including parents’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior in relation to their parenting role.
Morning affect, eveningness, and amplitude of diurnal variation: associations with parent adult-child relationships, and adult attachment style
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
The security of child-caregiver attachments may change from childhood to early adulthood, particularly following changes in the home environment, such as stressful life events (Fearon and Roisman 2017). Thus, given the potential for evening-types to have parental conflicts, there may be an influence on attachment security, possibly from early childhood or during adolescence when conflicts (related to bed/rising times, social jetlag, substance use, etc.), might become more substantial. These developmental influences may be important for health and wellbeing. Secure attachment is related to better socio-emotional adjustment/behavior (Fearon and Roisman 2017), more life satisfaction (Chen et al. 2017), and more positive emotions in adult relationships (Simpson 1990). Secure attachments may act as a buffer against stress/anxiety, while insecure attachments may constitute a vulnerability factor for psychological distress/disorder, including depression and anxiety (Mikulincer and Shaver 2012). Insecure attachment is also associated with loneliness (Erozkan 2011), and poorer sleep quality, independent of comorbid health problems or psychological disorder (Adams and McWilliams 2015; Adams et al. 2014).
The relationship between attachment and functioning for people with serious mental illness: a systematic review
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Elisabeth Pearse, Sandra Bucci, Jessica Raphael, Katherine Berry
The positive associations found regarding secure attachment and functioning can be explained by attachment theory [12]. If a secure attachment develops in relation to a responsive and available attachment figure, and the child is able to internalise beliefs about the world as a safe place and others as caring and reliable, they will feel secure enough to independently explore their environment [66]. This ‘secure base’ provides the opportunity from which to learn, explore and become competent in both the physical and social environment [67]. This competence can relate to the ability to function in different areas; for example, securely attached children have been reported to be more socially active at school age, positive and popular, and tend to show less social anxiety than children displaying an insecure attachment style [68]. If the interdependent systems of attachment and exploration which develop in childhood are reflected in adult systems of love or close relationships and work behaviour and creative life [67], then a secure attachment will enable individuals to function better in these areas of life. Individuals with a secure attachment are able to learn that distress is manageable and external obstacles can be overcome [18].
Feasibility of Attachment-Focused Self-Hypnosis to Change Insecure God Attachment
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Abigail Williams, Megan C. Haggard, Matthew M. Breuninger
Several treatments have been developed and found effective in treating insecure parent-child attachments. Current treatments include child-parent relationship therapy (Carnes-Holt & Bratton, 2014) and attachment-based family therapy (Shpigel et al., 2012). The goal of these treatments is to change parent-child attachment primarily through behavioral changes to foster a secure attachment bond. Parents and children practice establishing the attributes of a secure attachment by maintaining proximity, providing a haven of safety in times of stress, a secure base of exploration, and causing anxiety when the child is separated from the attachment figure (Kirkpatrick, 1997). This is exactly where the difficulty lies with addressing God attachment. In God attachment, both parties cannot work together to change the insecure attachment since God cannot be changed or manipulated. The question arises, “how do we change one’s attachment to God with only the ability to address one of the individuals in the relationship?” While cognitive/attributional constructs like God image and God concept can be changed through cognitive restructuring, God attachment, a relational, affective bond, seems to require experiences of positive attachment to change the person’s schemas about their God relationship.