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Personality
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by a profound impairment in the ability to relate to others in a meaningful way. It is rare in clinical settings, with an estimated prevalence of 3.1–4.9 percent in the general population. It is more common among men than women. The hallmark of schizoid personality disorder is a lack of interest in and an inability to establish meaningful relationships with others and, as a result, they have few or no close friends or confidants, and are extremely socially isolated. They date infrequently, typically do not marry, and have little interest in sex. They prefer to engage in solitary, often intellectual, activities, such as computer and web-based games, and choose professions that require little interpersonal interaction (e.g., as a night watchman). They often develop elaborate fantasy lives that substitute for engagement in the real world. Affective experience of individuals with schizoid personality disorder is flattened, with a general lack of pleasure and chronic anhedonia. They usually appear cold, detached, aloof, and constricted, and they have particular discomfort with warm feelings.
Personality disorders
Published in Michael I Levi, Basic Notes in Psychiatry, 2019
Schizoid personality disorder – introspective; prone to engage in an inner world of fantasy rather than take action; lack of emotional warmth and rapport; self-sufficient and detached; aloof and humourless; incapable of expressing tenderness or affection; shy; often eccentric; insensitive; ill-at-ease in company.
Personality
Published in Ben Green, Problem-based Psychiatry, 2018
Schizoid personality disorder is one where the individual is and always has been very aloof and separate from the rest of society. Others perceive schizoid personalities as being emotionally cold. They appear unable to express warm feelings and may not have friendships and may never have had sexual relationships. Often such people do not have even one close friend. They may be preoccupied with their own fantasies and ideas. There may be an overlap with Asperger’s syndrome.
Contributions of Multimethod Personality Assessment in Indirect Evaluation
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2023
Abby L. Mulay, Katherine A. Lenger, Mark H. Waugh, Nicole M. Cain, Autumn Rae Florimbio, Emily D. Gottfried, Mark F. Lenzenweger, Katie C. Lewis, Emily K. Shier
Mr. Kaczynski’s MMPI-2 item responses were scored using the MMPI-2-RF personality disorder spectra scales described in Sellbom et al. (2018) and are compared to the standardization sample for the MMPI-2 and a large sample of prison inmates described in Sellbom et al. (2018; see Table 1). For both comparison samples, schizoid personality disorder is highly elevated (80 and 79 T, respectively). There is a minor elevation on borderline personality disorder relative to the standardization sample norms. Of note, antisocial, schizotypal, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders are low relative to both reference groups, especially with respect to prisoners. The interested reader may consult Ben-Porath (2019) article on Mr. Kaczynski’s MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF profiles, which includes full profile scale data. Most striking on his MMPI-2-RF results was elevated infrequency-psychopathology (Fp-r = 94 T) in the context of a valid infrequency scale (F-r = 42 T) and depressive experience and suicidal ideation (RC2-r = 76 T; SUI = 66 T), social detachment (DSF = 78 T; INTR-r = 83 T), and family problems (FML = 79 T). He did not endorse item content reflecting psychoticism (RC8 = 39 T; PSYC-r = 38 T).
Of Fallacies and Errors, New and Repeated: A Rejoinder to Butcher et al. (2018)
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2019
It is important to state at the outset that because none of the authors in this exchange were involved in directly evaluating Kaczynski, we are not in a position to render a diagnosis in his case. My discussion was intended to illustrate how in a case such as this a clinician might consider various diagnoses based on the MMPI–2–RF findings. Butcher et al. (2018) appeared bewildered by my approach, which involved an appraisal of the extent to which test findings are consistent with the seven DSM–5 diagnostic criteria for schizoid personality disorder. My consideration of this particular diagnosis was prompted by Kaczynski’s prominent elevation on RC2 (T score 76), a measure of low positive emotionality, or anhedonia. Having ruled out a depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and PTSD (see Ben-Porath, 2018, for details), I decided to consider a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder because of the prominent role of anhedonia in this condition and because two prosecution experts concluded based on interview and record reviews that although there is no evidence that he suffered from delusions, Kaczynski’s psychiatric problems might fall in the range of schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder.
Uses and Misuses of Ted Kaczynski's MMPI
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2019
Regarding the possibility of a depression-related disorder, the absence of elevation on the Restructured Clinical scale Demoralization (RCd) coupled with collateral information indicating that Mr. Kaczynski's despondency stemmed from his objection to mounting an insanity defense, indicate that his prominent elevation on RC2 (T score 76), although reflecting a pronounced lack of positive emotional experiences, appears unrelated to ongoing depression. Other disorders characterized by low positive emotions include schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizoid personality disorder. As already discussed, there are no indications of a thought disorder in Mr. Kaczynski's MMPI, nor are there any signs of an anxiety disorder. Other prominent MMPI–2–RF elevations are on FML (79), SAV (70), DSF (78), and INTR-r (83). In view of these elevations, it is informative that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. [DSM–5]) criteria for a schizoid personality disorder include: