China 
Africa 
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“Daddy's Funny!” Fathers' Playfulness with Young Children
Published in Mary Nolan, Shona Gore, Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
Jennifer St George, Richard Fletcher
Evidence now suggests that the effects of fathers’ contribution to their child’s development are different from mothers’ and that some of this may even be unique (Dumont & Paquette, 2013; Majdandžiç et al., 2014). Over time, myriad playful moments generate joy and mutual warmth, intensifying the bond between father and child. As this attachment grows stronger, the child gains confidence to explore. At the same time, the father’s play and interaction style can improve the child’s emotional regulation (Hagman, 2014), mastery motivation (Lang et al., 2014), and nascent academic skills, such as language, reading, and numeracy (Cook et al., 2011). Rough and tumble play, for example, is linked to children’ social competence, such as positive peer relationships (Fletcher et al., 2012), regulation of aggression (Peterson & Flanders, 2005), and social anxiety (Bögels & Perotti, 2011). Fathers’ impact can be lasting – one longitudinal study showed that sensitive and challenging father–child play at two years predicted teenagers who were more comfortable with uncertainties and complexities, were less likely to seek reassurance from others, and less likely to withdraw in the face of frustration and adversity (Grossmann et al., 2002).
Infancy and the early years
Published in Julia Whitaker, Alison Tonkin, Play for Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
By 12 months of age, the emergence of locomotor skills prompts rough-and-tumble play, allowing infants to experiment with risk in a safe and rewarding manner, nurturing negotiation skills and the development of emotional balance (Yogman et al. 2018). Research undertaken by Piazza et al. (2020) has demonstrated the neural coupling that occurs at this stage, whereby the brain and behavior of the infant shape and reflect that of their adult playmate through social cues such as gazing and smiling. This alignment between infant and adult brains demonstrates the important role of trusted caregivers who can act as a safe reference point during early exploratory play (Yogman et al. 2018).
Is There a Causal Link Between Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Adult Homosexuality?
Published in Robin M. Mathy, Jack Drescher, Childhood Gender Nonconformity and the Development of Adult Homosexuality, 2020
One likely candidate is aggression and its benign cousin, rough-and-tumble play. Gay men score lower than heterosexual men on measures of childhood aggression (Blanchard et al., 1983), and parents of gender-nonconforming boys specifically rate them as having less interest in rough-and-tumble play than do parents of gender-conforming boys (Green, 1976). Second, the sex difference in aggression during childhood is one of the largest psychological sex differences known (Hyde, 1984). Rough-and-tumble play in particular is more common in boys than in girls (DiPietro, 1981; Fry, 1990; Moller, Hymel & Rubin, 1992). Third, individual differences in aggression have a large heritable component (Rushton et al., 1986).
Now, being, occupational: Outdoor play and children with autism
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2021
Sarah Fahy, Nicola Delicâte, Helen Lynch
In this study, increased challenge in play generally resulted in greater ‘risk’. Play is considered ‘risky’ by adults when there is a chance of physical injury and for children when there is an opportunity for increased scariness, enjoyment, and excitement (Sandseter, 2009). However, perceptions of risk are also subjective. For example, when Leo was climbing up the slide he appeared cautious and moved slowly as he seemed to perceive his task as scary. In contrast, Martin ran up the slide quickly and with ease, without appearing to perceive the same risk as Leo. Instead, these children were agreed that certain play occupations were risky, including playing with heights (swing, climbing-frame), speed (running, roundabout), and rough and tumble play (two-by-two down the slide). It seems that the element of risk is what made the play occupations fun, enabling a sense of pride and accomplishment that was worth the risk.
Harmful Peer Aggression in Four World Regions: Relationship between Aggressed and Aggressor
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2021
Grace Skrzypiec, Earvin Alinsug, Ulil Amri Nasiruddin, Eleni Andreou, Antonella Brighi, Eleni Didaskalou, Annalisa Guarini, Tali Heiman, Soon-Won Kang, Soonjung Kwon, Dorit Olenik-Shemesh, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Eva M. Romera, Christina Roussi-Vergou, Damanjit Sandhu, Iwona Sikorska, Mirella Wyra, Juzhe Xi, Chih-Chien Yang
Negative experiences of aggression and bullying are not expected between friends, yet it is known that for some young people this is indeed the case (Wei & Jonson-Reid, 2011). Aggression involving best friends would be more harmful than those instigated by someone with whom the victim was not as close as “the betrayal by someone with whom one has a close relationship may exacerbate the hurt” (Daniels et al., 2010, p. 72). A recent study of Australian and Polish adolescents however, found that for some young people aggressive acts between friends were considered harmless banter (Wyra & Sikorska, 2019). We sought to further explore harmful aggression between best friends, friends and others following Pellegrini’s (2002) suggestion to distinguish harmful peer aggression from rough-and-tumble play. Currently the prevalence of harmless banter as opposed to hurtful peer aggression is not known. The purpose of our study was to undertake an exploratory examination of the variety of relationships associated with harmful peer aggression as described by aggressed adolescents about their peer aggressors.
BDNF expression increases without changes in play behavior following concussion in juvenile rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2018
Allison C. F. Dyck, Tammy L. Ivanco
Brain development occurs within a complex multitude of experiences, both positive and negative, running in parallel. Rough and tumble play is an essential part of motor and social learning, but falls related to this behavior in children have a high, and often unrecognized, risk for impairing normal brain development. Concussions have a wide range of severity and, sometimes, very obvious differences in demonstrated behavioral changes. Very often, normal behavior is when return to play occurs. Our data indicated that even when behavior seems to have returned to normal, the brain may have ongoing molecular processes underlying compensation and recovery. These mechanisms of recovery must be an important part of the return to play protocol science, but it also must be recognized that ongoing upregulation of proteins after injury may impact other features of normal brain development well after the mTBI.