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Psychological Effects of Exercise for Disease Resistance and Health Promotion
Published in Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger, Exercise and Disease, 2020
A large portion of the extant literature has serious design and methodology flaws. There are few randomized clinical trials and fewer population studies. Typically, anxiety and depression were not assessed by uniform measures or standard diagnostic criteria and exercise was not adequately quantified. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R)19 provides the most used standard for treatment and research on anxiety and depression. Although the etiology of the anxiety and depression disorders is not fully understood, refinements in diagnosis have led to the establishment of Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)20 for the varieties of anxiety and depression. Only a handful of exercise studies have conformed to RDC definitions.18,21,22
Pharmacomanometric-Guided Therapies: Intestinal Pharmacomanometry as a Guide to the Therapy of Schizophrenia
Published in Fuad Lechin, Bertha van der Dijs, Neurochemistry and Clinical Disorders: Circuitry of Some Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Syndromes, 2020
Fuad Lechin, Bertha van der Dijs, Francisco Gomez, Alex Lechin, Emilio Acosta, Luis Arocha
Upon receiving phenothiazinic treatment, 153 psychotic inpatients were rated before the study on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS).10,11 The Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)11,12 were determined afterward. Of these patients, 120 were diagnosed as schizophrenics (residual), and the remaining 33 subjects as suffering from schizoaffective disorders (in remission). All the subjects were hospitalized in one of the three following psychiatric centers participating in a collaborative program: Instituto Psiquiátrico de Caracas, Clínica Psiquiátrica Casablanca, and Clínica Psiquiátrica Renacimiento. DCM studies were performed on all the patients 2 d before discharge from the hospital. When patients were discharged,2 d after the motility studies, phenothiazinic therapy was substituted by placebo. Control of the patients was continued through fortnightly visits to the hospital. A second S ADS interview and DCM study were performed 6 weeks after discharge. Out of the 153 patients, 62 relapsed (8 to 20 weeks after phenothiazine withdrawal); hence, they were hospitalized again. The criteria for relapse were the development of new florid symptoms, a worsening of existing positive symptoms, or a change in the pattern of the patient’s behavior that could be understood as a part of the illness. In 2 d after hospitalization, a third SADS interview was made (two joint interviews were held with each patient, conducted by two psychiatrists with previous training in the use of the SADS).
Disorders
Published in Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson, Pocket Prescriber Psychiatry, 2019
Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson
Diagnosis: largely clinical but excluding other causes important (see box on Other/treatable causes of dementia). Medial temporal lobe atrophy is highly suggestive. Biomarkers are of increasing diagnostic utility (especially CSF markers [↓Aβ1–42/↑tau] and amyloid [positron emission tomography, PET] imaging) and may allow detection of prodromal/preclinical disease. See box for research diagnostic criteria.
No neurochemical evidence of neuronal injury or glial activation in children with Paediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome. An explorative pilot study
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Mats Johnson, Elisabeth Fernell, Christopher Gillberg, Anders Fasth, Lisa Dinkler, Kaj Blennow, Henrik Zetterberg
The acronym PANS (Paediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) is clinically defined by an abrupt, dramatic onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder or severely restricted food intake combined with at least two out of seven other similarly severe symptoms with acute onset; anxiety, emotional lability and/or depression, irritability/aggression and/or severely oppositional behaviours, behavioural (developmental) regression, deterioration in school performance (related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder/ADHD-like symptoms, memory deficits, cognitive changes), sensory or motor abnormalities and somatic signs and symptoms, including sleep disturbances, enuresis, or urinary frequency. In addition, the research diagnostic criteria require that symptoms are not better explained by a known neurological or other medical disorder (Swedo et al. 2012).
Trajectories of Insomnia Symptoms and Associations with Mood and Anxiety from Early Pregnancy to the Postpartum
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Ivan D. Sedov, Lianne M. Tomfohr-Madsen
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) assessed symptoms of depressed mood in the past 7 days. The instrument consists of 10 items rated on a Likert scale from 0 (No, not all) to 3 (Yes, all of the time), with higher scores representing a greater frequency of depressive symptoms. A cutoff score of 9/10 has been validated to classify women who may be experiencing a depressive episode (Cox et al., 1987). Validation studies of the EPDS against research diagnostic criteria have also indicated good psychometric properties in both postnatal and non-postnatal samples of mothers (Cox et al., 1996). Participant responses on the EPDS at baseline and postpartum time-points were used in analyses. Cronbach alpha for our sample was 0.87 in early pregnancy and 0.88 in early postpartum.
Assessing Need for Mental Health Services
Published in Psychiatry, 2020
Since there was an assumption that everyone with a mental disorder as defined by the new explicit diagnostic criteria of DSM-III would be in need of treatment, there was no disability or level of impairment assessment included in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) surveys (Eaton & Kessler, 1985; Robins & Regier, 1991). In retrospect, we should have been more cautious, because an early primary care survey using the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), on which the DSM-III was based, showed that 30% of patients attending a primary care practice had an RDC diagnosis of a mental or addictive disorder and that most had no impairment on the Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scale (Endicott et al., 1976; Spitzer et al., 1978). Of the remainder, 9% had minimal impairment, 4% moderate impairment, and 1.6% were severely impaired (Hoeper et al., 1979; DA Regier et al., 1985).