China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Published in Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore, Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
Joseph E. Comaty, Claire Advokat
The glutamate presynaptic release modulator riluzole was evaluated in an 8-week open-label, fixed-dose study (100 mg/day) in 18 GAD patients. By 8 weeks, eight patients were in remission. The most common side effects were insomnia, nausea, and sedation (Mathew et al., 2005). These encouraging results may warrant further investigation.
Preparation and characterization of metformin hydrochloride controlled-release tablet using fatty acid coated granules
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Ji-Hyun Kang, Myung-Hee Chun, Mi-Seo Cho, Yong-Bin Kwon, Jae-Cheol Choi, Dong-Wook Kim, Chun-Woong Park, Eun-Seok Park
As expected, the M8 formulation, that is composed of ALS 115 mg and PEO 115 mg, had the slowest release rate (Figure 4). Increasing the amount of the release-modulator was accompanied by improved controlled release efficacy. M10 was the slowest of all the formulations. These results indicate that ALS alone was not sufficient to delay the dissolution rate of the MFM-CRT. M10 successfully achieved the sustained release pattern. The sustained release effect of PEO was more efficient than ALS and this was confirmed from the statistical analyses. However, higher the amount of PEO, larger the volume of the tablet. Thus, M10 had the largest volume of all the formulations. Although the difference between M8 and M10 in dissolution was less than 3%, the volume of M8 was smaller.
Ocular adverse effects of bladder medication: a systematic review
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Arshpreet Bassi, Daiana Roxana Pur, Anthony Chifor, Monali S. Malvankar-Mehta
The OAB medication with the least amount of ocular adverse events reported was Cizolirthine citrate, a substance-P and calcitonin gene-related peptide release modulator, and Elocaltiol, a vitamin D analog. There is one study, Marschall-Kehrel et al.23 that reported blurred vision as an AE for patients taking Cizolirthine citrate (Table 3). Patients receiving Elocalcitol therapy reported having non-specific eye disorders, as outlined by Digesu et al.16 (Table 3).
Single administration vaccines: delivery challenges, in vivo performance, and translational considerations
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Kyprianos Michaelides, Maruthi Prasanna, Raj Badhan, Afzal-Ur-Rahman Mohammed, Adam Walters, M. Keith Howard, Pawan Dulal, Ali Al-Khattawi
The factors governing the release from PLGA include its physicochemical properties or those of the antigen, and the environment to which the release system is exposed. In terms of delivery system attributes, the size of microspheres affects the three different release phases. A smaller particle size and higher associated surface area often leads to a bigger initial burst followed by rapid diffusion-dependent release. In contrast, larger microspheres usually display a sigmoidal release profile that is governed by both diffusion and erosion [28]. Experiments conducted by Uchida et al. showed that burst release of a model antigen (ovalbumin) decreased from 80% to 20% when increasing the average particle size from 2.1 to 14.3 μm [29]. Erosion involves the degradation of ester bonds between lactic and glycolic acids by hydrolysis and the formation of free acids. The acids act as hydrolytic catalysts themselves and can lead to heterogenous degradation (more degradation in the center due to the acidic environment created than at the surface of the microspheres, where the pH is closer to neutral i.e. bulk erosion), which is most often observed in microspheres of larger sizes [30,31]. Antigen loading is another release modulator primarily affecting the burst release phase. At low antigen loading, a diminished initial burst release has been observed attributed to lower surface enrichment. On the other hand, a larger initial burst and increased release rate have been detected at higher antigen loading [32]. Guarecuco et al. observed that by increasing percentage loading of a model antigen (bovine serum albumin) from 0.5 to 5% w/w, the initial burst release percentage increased from 28.0% to 63.7% [33]. The distribution of the antigen can also play a major role in the release profile: antigen surface enrichment of the PLGA causes high initial burst, whereas formation of a core-shell structure delays release [34]. Furthermore, the polymer density is a modulator of release profiles because porosity directly affects the diffusion of hydrophilic antigens. The lower the density and higher porosity, the higher the release by diffusion. Pore formation is caused by PLGA degradation and water absorption. Some reports mention another phenomenon of pore closure possibly happening due to the generation of a less porous surface layer attributed to the non-homogenous degradation or due to the structural collapse and mobility of the polymer [35].