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Substance Use Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Symptoms of amphetamine and synthetic cathinone intoxication include increased energy, alertness, sleeplessness, euphoria, exhilaration, emotional openness, reduction of negativity, and decreased inhibition anxiety, agitation, violent behavior, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, dilated pupils [158]. Other systemic effects include tachycardia, hypertension, dilated pupils, tremor, agitation, confusion, and hyperactivity [155]. Rarely, at high doses, toxicity mimicking that of cocaine, including paranoia, psychosis, delirium, violent behavior, serotonin syndrome, hyponatremia, hypertension, retinal damage, cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, seizure, shock, stroke, and death [154, 155].
Drug abuse in pregnancy: Marijuana, LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and opiates
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Jacquelyn C. Howitt, Anita Bublik-Anderson
MA, the most popular amphetamine, can be smoked, snorted, injected, orally ingested, or administered anally. Smoking and injection allow rapid uptake of the drug into the brain, and the user experiences a “rush” that lasts only a few minutes. Snorting and ingestion produce euphoria, which lasts longer. Amphetamines stimulate the release of neurotransmitters and interfere with their reuptake at the nerve terminal (3,46). The catecholamine excess accounts for amphetamine’s peripheral alpha and beta actions and central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects of vasoconstriction and bronchodilation, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and an increased respiratory rate. An enhanced perception of environmental stimuli, mood elevation, and a decrease in hunger and fatigue are thought to result from amphetamine’s ability to stimulate the reticular activating system. High doses of amphetamines can cause hypertension, retinal damage, cardiac seizures, stroke, and death. Chronic use can lead to anxiety, insomnia, hallucinations, confusion, psychosis headache, pallor or flushing, palpitations, blood pressure instability, and cardiac arrhythmias (3).
Introduction to Abused Substances
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Most addicting substances have side effects associated with both the class of agents (such as constipation for opiates) and the specific molecules. Although these may be acceptable at normal doses of use, often as tolerance develops, the side effects may be exaggerated. Sophisticated addicts often utilize a second drug to partly allay the side effects. Thus, most alcoholics use great quantities of caffeine to remain a little more alert. Many opiate users employ amphetamines to combat the effects on alertness and intensify the “high” that they obtain.
Characterization of intentional-abuse venlafaxine exposures reported to poison control centers in the United States
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
James B. Leonard, Wendy Klein-Schwartz
Venlafaxine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor marketed as an antidepressant (1). It is widely prescribed and has consistently been in the top 200 medications dispensed in the United States from 2004 to 2016 (2). It is marketed in several formulations including immediate-release capsules, extended-release capsules, and extended-release tablets. Tablet and capsule strengths include 25 mg, 37.5 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 225 mg. Some studies recommend an initial therapeutic dose of 37.5 mg with titration up to 375 mg per day (3). Animal studies suggest high doses may mimic amphetamine-like effects, and single-dose human studies suggest it demonstrates improvements in attention, concentration, reaction time, wakefulness, and other neurocognitive function (1). Overdoses are associated with seizures and potentially fatal cardiac effects (4–6).
Hydrothermally synthesized zinc oxide nanorods incorporated on lab-on-paper device for electrochemical detection of recreational drug
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Jagriti Narang, Chaitali Singhal, Manika Khanuja, Ashish Mathur, Akshay Jain, C. S. Pundir
Amphetamine and related drugs are popularly used as recreational drugs as they are very powerful stimulants of central nervous system. Amongst the many amphemaine derivatives, we have focused on methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This is because it is the most abused and is illicit in many countries [1–4]. This drug can act both as psychomotor stimulant amphetamines and the hallucinogen mescaline. This drug is now a frequently misused drug which confers severe health problems as it acts as a neurotoxic agent [4,5]. Individuals including athletes and recreational users are fascinated by this drug and MDMA abuse has the potential of giving rise to a serious public health concern [2]. Conventional methods of testing involves bulky and time consuming techniques like gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and immunoassays [6–9]. Due to the drawbacks like complexity, large time consumption there is an urgent need of a suitable technique for efficient and rapid detection of MDMA in biological samples such as saliva, sweat and urine. Our work in this direction will bridge existing gaps in current methods.
Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on self-criticism and feeling of shame in methamphetamine users
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Zahra Ghaleh Emamghaisi, Seyyed Hamid Atashpour
Addiction and the increasing use of new substances adversely affect family and society and lead to harmful behaviors such as tension in family roles and delinquent behaviors (Whitesell, Bachand, Peel, & Brown, 2013). Amphetamines, especially methamphetamine, are among the most potent substances and cause the risk of dependence and numerous mental health problems (Glasner-Edwards & Mooney, 2014). Methamphetamine, as an industrial stimulant, increases the activity of the central nervous system, self-confidence, and energy of its users (Barr et al., 2006).