China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Descriptive and Psychodynamic Psychopathology EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Antilibidinal object.Depressive position.Dissociation.Ideal object.Libidinal object.Paranoid-schizoid position.Projective identification.Reaction formation.The good, but not perfect, mother.The perfect mother who is always in tune with her infant’s needs.
Analysis with Psychological Defense Styles
Published in Raymond H. Hamden, Psychology of Terrorists, 2018
The presence of children also had an influence on the use of certain defense styles. Findings suggested that pseudoaltruism increased and the use of lying decreased with an increase in the number of children. Another finding that was deemed important by the author was the correlation between reaction formation and the factor of trauma experienced by the participants. Findings suggested that participants experiencing traumatic incidents in life are more likely to use reaction formation than those who have not encountered significant traumatic events.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 3: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to make use of reaction formation. Reaction formation is defined as a psychological attitude that is diametrically opposed to an oppressed wish and constituting a reaction against it.
Relationship Between Clinicians’ Inclination Toward Patients at Risk for Suicide (PRS) and Self-reported Countertransference
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2023
Tess Soulié, Gabrielle Jenkin, Sunny Collings, Elliot Bell
After Maltsberger and Buie’s psychoanalytic formulations (Maltsberger & Buie, 1974), the defense mechanism interpretation proposed that the CT patterns observed in the original study could reflect defensive attitudes aiming at reducing the anxiety arising from experiencing “countertransference hate” (CT hate) toward PRS. The low endorsement of factor 1—entrapped/rejecting CT could be suggestive of repression (i.e., unconscious forgetting or blocking) of CT hate, while the high endorsement of factor 2—fulfilled/engaging CT could reflect reaction formation (i.e., the turning of CT hate into its opposite) (Soulié, Bell, et al., 2020). However, to be consistent with this view, non-positively inclined clinicians would be expected to be more defensive than positively inclined clinicians, resulting in greater repression of negative feelings corresponding to a lower endorsement of factor 1 and 5, and greater use of reaction formation translating into higher endorsement of factor 2. By showing the opposite patterns, the present findings tend therefore to contradict the defense mechanism interpretation.
Psychometric Properties of the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales-Self-Report-30 (DMRS-SR-30): Internal Consistency, Validity and Factor Structure
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Tracy A. Prout, Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe, Sigal Zilcha-Mano, J. Christopher Perry, Ciro Conversano
The first factor corresponds to the mature defensive category, with relatively high loadings ranging from .42 − .68. This maturity factor contains the eight defense mechanisms included in the high-adaptive defense level: affiliation, altruism, anticipation, humor, self-assertion, self-observation, sublimation, and suppression. The second extracted factor – described as mental inhibition and avoidance – contains obsessional and neurotic defense mechanisms with the addition of two disavowal defenses, denial and autistic fantasy. Factor loadings ranged from .34 to .69. From the most to the least adaptive, defense mechanisms included in the mental inhibition and avoidance factor were: isolation of affects, intellectualization, undoing, repression, dissociation, reaction formation, displacement, denial, and autistic fantasy. Finally, the third factor contains all depressive defenses, with the addition of two other immature defenses, rationalization and idealization. Factor loadings ranged from .32 to .62. From the most to the least adaptive, defense mechanisms included in the immature-depressive factor were: idealization, devaluation, rationalization, projection, splitting of self-image, splitting of object-image, projective identification, passive aggression, help-rejecting complaining, and acting out.
The Mental States Task (MST): Correlates and New Perspectives on Mentalizing in a Lebanese Student Sample
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Pia Tohme, Ian Grey, Rudy Abi-Habib
Interestingly, neurotic defenses (displacement, repression, isolation, and reaction formation) were found to be positively associated with both, lower and higher mental states. Here, it is important to highlight the differentiation between defense mechanisms and mental states; although the two concepts are related, “defense mechanisms do not reflect the quality of mental representations, as they only become operative to help the person protect against self-threatening mental contents” (Beaulieu-Pelletier et al., 2013, p. 673). It is therefore not surprising to have higher mentalizing capacities while still resorting to neurotic defenses at times. The use of this type of defenses across both low and high mental states could also be explained by taking into account some cultural factors. Lebanon has been described as tending to be a collectivistic society in which self-definition is based on social attributes and roles (Al-Shqerat & Al-Masri, 2001; Dwairy et al., 2006; Qasem et al., 1998); fitting in might necessitate constraining some inner desires in order to ensure group harmony (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). It would therefore ensue that whether a culture qualifies as individualist or collectivistic might affect defense styles used, as the aim would be the coherence of the unit rather than the self (Varela et al., 2007). This may explain why defenses considered neurotic (such as repression) in the Western world are seen as adaptive in the Lebanese, collectivistic culture. Future research in necessary to further elucidate this argument.