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Introduction to Bayesian Statistics
Published in Rens van de Schoot, Milica Miočević, Small Sample Size Solutions, 2020
Milica Miočević, Roy Levy, Rens van de Schoot
Bayesian statistics are becoming more popular in many fields of science. See, for example, the systematic reviews published in various fields from educational science (König & Van de Schoot, 2017), epidemiology (Rietbergen, Debray, Klugkist, Janssen, & Moons, 2017), health technology (Spiegelhalter, Myles, Jones, & Abrams, 2000), medicine (Ashby, 2006), and psychology (Van de Schoot, Winter, Ryan, Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, & Depaoli, 2017) to psychotraumatology (Van de Schoot, Schalken, & Olff, 2017). Bayesian methods appeal to researchers who only have access to a relatively small number of participants because Bayesian statistics are not based on large samples (i.e., the central limit theorem) and hence may produce reasonable results even with small to moderate sample sizes. This is especially the case when background knowledge is available. In general, the more information a researcher can specify before seeing the data, the smaller the sample size required to obtain the same certainty compared to an analysis without specifying any prior knowledge.
Pilot study: undetected post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among intellectually disabled
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2020
A. Borghus, S. Dokkedahl, A. Elklit
All data were comprised into case reports. A case report format was chosen, as it permits discovery of unexpected effects and adversities. The cases included: psychological reports, daily notes on participants’ daily life — observed and recorded by staff at their residence, which dates back 2 years, and public records related to the participant’s placement. This information was systematically reviewed and divided into four different categories: (1) history, (2) symptoms and behavior described in previous diagnostic assessment, (3) potential traumatic experiences, (4) current symptoms and behavior according to LANTS. After categorizing the information, the information was used to assess PTSD symptoms in accordance to DM-ID criteria. Based upon the DM-ID criteria, it was then evaluated whether or not participant had undetected PTSD symptoms and qualified for at PTSD diagnosis. The PTSD assessment was overseen by a professor in clinical psychology, specialized in psychotraumatology.
A Critical Outlook on Combat-Related PTSD: Review and Case Reports of Guilt and Shame as Drivers for Moral Injury
Published in Military Behavioral Health, 2018
Finally, we ask what disciplines will play a role in these novel approaches. In some cases, chaplains will contribute to a healing perspective as concepts of forgiveness, acceptance, spirituality, justice, and mercy are important in theology, philosophy, psychiatry, counseling, and even in human development. Sometimes a religious pilgrimage can unstuck a therapeutic process (Maddrell, 2013). As therapy for combat-related PTSD is becoming more manualized, there may be a need for a redefinition of this in which the focus is on healing. The psychiatric approach is the recognition of the need to explore a multiple discipline approach to the drivers of chronicity, which can consist of a wider set of experts than the traditional ones in psychotraumatology. Treatment interventions that concentrate on transforming symptoms of guilt and shame to acceptance and forgiveness can be an important asset as research and clinical efforts address the enduring impact of moral injuries on military personnel.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in Emergency Services Systems (STRESS) Project: Quantifying and Predicting Compassion Fatigue in Emergency Medical Services Personnel
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2021
Ginny K. Renkiewicz, Michael W. Hubble
CF can manifest in multiple ways. A recent rash of media events have shown paramedics engaged in unethical behavior at the expense of patient care [7–10]. Many of these situations resulted from a lack of compassion, frustration with the patient, or rage response—all of which describe the psychotraumatology of CF [2,3,11–13]. It is possible that these media events were the result of manifestations of secondary traumatic stress and cannot be definitively reduced to unethical employees who simply lacked empathy in general. Moreover, EMS personnel often engage in aberrant humor, known as “gallows humor” in the common vernacular, which is a practice that is both encouraged and used to organize thoughts or feelings about a situation. Deployment of this coping structure allows for the engagement in storytelling to objectify the situation, or for maintaining a sense of rationality during times of hopelessness, helplessness, or intense exposure where an individual is so disturbed by what they have seen that their mind has great difficulty making sense of it [14–16]. Excessive use of gallows humor has been linked to secondary traumatic stress [15,16]. Paramedics have also been shown to engage in somatization, which is the suppression of emotions and distancing strategies after exposure to intense emotional material, which can ultimately lower empathy and result in additional traumatization [2,3, 12, 17,18]. Added to all of this is the pervasive culture of mental-health stigmatization within the public safety professions, leading to feelings of isolation, distrust in superior officers, and the notion that individuals might be targeted or seen as weak if they ask for help [19].