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Mental illness
Published in Govert den Hartogh, What Kind of Death, 2023
In some cases the suffering of such patients will consist of symptoms of their illness. Think of hallucinations, paranoia, feelings of guilt or anxiety and mood disturbances.11 Other elements of suffering are the effects of behaviour that expresses the illness. Eating disorders provide an obvious example, as do forms of self-injury involved in other disorders. Psychosomatic symptoms – chronic fatigue, general malaise, headache, nausea and of course stress – are common elements in most cases of mental illness, often resulting from or aggravated by one or more additional physical or psychiatric conditions, including pain and injuries produced by suicide attempts.12 In addition much suffering results from the impact of the illness on the patients’ capacity to cope with problems in life, and therefore their capacity to engage in meaningful pursuits, in intimate relations or even to be open to matters of interest in the surrounding world. Mental illness can lead to poverty, homelessness and inability to use educational and employment opportunities, and lack of self-care. Some of these elements of suffering are the side-effects of treatment, including forms of coercion involved in treatment. Many of these patients will have long-standing death wishes, often leading to suicide attempts.
Stress
Published in Silvia Bonino, Coping with Chronic Illness, 2020
In reality, in everyday language, when we speak of stress we refer mainly to causes of psychological and social origin. The responses to this type of stress clearly highlight the human psychophysical unity, where psychological and biological aspects are closely connected. In fact, psychological and social stressors (such as conflicts, frustrations, difficult interpersonal relationships) give rise to physiological responses, both general (for example, activation of the organism) and specific (increase in blood pressure). Early studies mainly examined the central and peripheral biological responses and the activation of different emotional responses: anger, fear, inactivity. In this way, it was possible to demonstrate the adaptive function, in the very short period, of the profound physiological changes that accompany the emotional responses to stressful agents: preparing the body for struggle, or for flight, or even for immobility. At the same time, the risks of prolonged physiological activation and the link with psychosomatic disorders are highlighted, defined as such because they are somatic in their manifestation but psychic in their origin. Psychosomatic illnesses are in fact attributable to a prolonged and excessive negative emotional activation, which does not find expression and resolution. Sometimes it is believed that emotional expression should never be thwarted, that it is enough to give free rein to one’s emotions to positively face stress; this is a superficial and distorted interpretation of scientific studies on emotion and stress.
The Applied FDA-5 Model
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
A simple method for listing cognitive targets is presented in Table 4.1. All the major dimensions of deception in terms of targets are covered. The “behavioral” category includes verbal or motor acts as targets. “Somatic or psychosomatic” targets and symptoms include a broadband category of physical signs. “Sensation” refers to faked deficits in vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, temperature, pressure, balance, and pain. “Affect” can involve autonomic and/or emotional events that may be distorted. “Cognitive” problems include deficits in attention, memory, language, and thinking. “Interpersonal” deficits involve faking when reporting upon the interaction with others. Table 4.1 presents clinical examples of target symptoms.
The prevalence and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in head and neck cancer patients
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Ellie Saghafi, Lisa Tuomi, Göran Kjeller
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a term describing musculoskeletal conditions of the face, jaw and temporal regions. TMD is frequently associated with pain and/or dysfunction such as impaired jaw function, pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscles and/or related structures, and associated headaches. The aetiology of TMD is multifactorial and complex [1,2]. It is known from recent studies that the influence of psychosocial factors such as personality as well as behaviour and environment are important for the development of TMD [3]. In addition, there is a known association between a presence of psychosomatic symptoms and prevalence of TMD [2,4]. TMD symptoms tend to be more often reported in patients with psychosomatic symptoms, whereas somatic symptoms have been strongly associated with TMD onset, and perceived stress and previous life events also predicted TMD incidence [3].
How Stigma and Discrimination Influences Nursing Care of Persons Diagnosed with Mental Illness: A Systematic Review
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2021
Jane Tyerman, Autumn-Lee Patovirta, Ann Celestini
Findings at the individual level of stigma for patients were emotional distress, undertreatment of physical health symptoms (diagnostic overshadowing), lack of self-determination, and self-censorship. Assumptions that physical health concerns were psychosomatic in nature resulted to the undertreatment of physical symptoms. Diagnostic overshadowing was identified in every study that examined stigma and discrimination from the patient’s perspective (Ewart et al., 2016; Gaillard et al., 2009; Happell et al., 2016; Kaufman et al., 2012). Happell et al. (2016), examined this phenomenon exclusively from the patient’s perspective. Health care provider’s failure to recognize and act on physical symptoms often led to worsened physical symptoms, a physical health crisis, or sometimes even early death. Ewart et al. (2016) found that experiences of undertreatment of physical health symptoms negatively affected future health seeking behaviors.
The relationship between internet addiction and psychosomatic disorders in Iranian undergraduate nursing students: a cross-sectional study
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2020
Fatemeh Feizy, Efat Sadeghian, Farshid Shamsaei, Lily Tapak
Internet addiction is described as an impulse control disorder, which does not involve use of an intoxicating drug and is very similar to pathological gambling. Similar to other addictions, those suffering from IA use the virtual imagination world to join people through the internet, as a substitution for real-life human connection, which they are unable to achieve normally.10 Internet addiction is an emerging public health problem and behavioral problems have been correlated with IA.11 However, some researchers have associated IA with several psychiatric disorders, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, low self-esteem, impulsivity, and sleep disorders.12–14 Since the internet is an important phenomenon, many questions regarding its potential impact on health status remain unanswered. On the other hand, although many studies on the associations between AI and physical and psychological health have been carried out, some questions remain, and few studies have been conducted on the relationship between IA and psychosomatic disorders. Psychosomatic disorder is characterized by somatic symptoms (such as pain, fatigue and gastrointestinal problems) that are distressing or result in significant disruption to daily functioning, and are persistent, although the actual nature of the symptom may vary over time.15