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Evidence Derived from Real-World Data: Utility, Constraints, and Cautions
Published in Harry Yang, Binbing Yu, Real-World Evidence in Drug Development and Evaluation, 2021
When properly designed and implemented, sample surveys have external validity, and results obtained from such studies can be generalized to the representative populations of interest. Carefully designed studies such as well-controlled laboratory experiments, in contrast, have internal validity, and results from such studies support causal inferences to be made. Ideally, combining both types of research, which has been termed in social sciences and psychological research as “survey experiments,” has the potential to generate results that will have both internal and external validity, and possess potential to infer causal relationships that may be generalizable. A good reference on the design and application of survey experiments in the social sciences is the book by Mutz (2011). Mutz challenges conventional wisdom about internal and external validity of studies and demonstrates that strong causal claims need not come at the expense of external validity, and that it will be possible to execute experiments remotely using large population samples. In theory, RWD could be used for such purposes in biomedicine.
The role of research ethics committees
Published in Frank Wells, Michael Farthing, Fraud and Misconduct in Biomedical Research, 2019
While the EC Directive refers to clinical trials of investigational medicinal products, its recommendations may be applied to all varieties of health research. There seems no good reason not to include also research involving human participants external to health-care settings. Much psychological research, for example, is pursued in academic units or even in military or industrial settings. RECs may be better regulated, better known, and with a longer history in health care, but recent years have seen the development of other types of ethics committees. In the UK, for example, most universities have some form of ethical scrutiny or are in the process of developing a system to review research on human volunteers outside the remit of the National Health Service (NHS).7 In considering the role of ethics committees in the prevention of fraud or misconduct, those committees outside the NHS may have a similar part to play. Fraud and misconduct may be equally prevalent in settings external to health care.
Introducing material-discursive approaches to health and illness
Published in Lucy Yardley, Material discourses of health and illness, 2013
As recommended by Engel, most of this research has produced quantitative measures of psychosocial variables such as behaviour, beliefs or perceptions, and then correlated these with signs of the presence, severity or progression of disease. These descriptive studies have been complemented by analysis of the physiological and medical consequences of experimentally or therapeutically induced changes in reported beliefs or behaviour. One major advantage of this approach has been that it has enabled psychological research to win acceptance from medical clinicians and researchers who are familiar with the language and procedures of scientific investigation. Employing methodologies such as laboratory-based experiments, quantitative questionnaire data and statistical analysis, it has been possible to achieve widespread recognition in medical circles that psychosocial factors significantly influence health status. The consequence is that psychology now forms a (relatively small) part of the medical school curriculum, and clinical and health psychologists have been given an increasingly substantial role to play in the promotion of health and care of the sick.
Personality changes after acquired brain injury and their effects on rehabilitation outcomes
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Frederike Svensson, Anne Much, Cornelia Exner
Psychological research has put forth various conceptualizations of personality. Among these, the five-factor model of personality (FFM) is universally established and well recognized (McCrae & Costa, 1999). The FFM comprises the “Big Five” personality dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. When measuring personality, research has often relied on self- as well as on informant-reports. It is, however, important to acknowledge that these rating-sources rely on different cues and may be biased by the rater’s motives for presentation. While informant ratings are mainly based on outward behavioural cues, internal phenomena (like thoughts and feelings) may be less visible to others and thus only accessible to the self. At the same time, self-ratings are prone to biases caused by motivation for positive self-presentation or a lack of insight. In that respect, informants may provide a more objective assessment of the participant’s behaviours (Mottus et al., 2020). Measuring both self- and informant-ratings may yield the most comprehensive evaluation of personality available via questionnaire assessment.
Black Student-Athletes and racism pandemic: Building antiracist practices in athletics
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2023
Peter Economou, Tori Glascock, Alexander Gamble
Across all 14 interviews, the role that race played in social, emotional, and academic spheres served as defining factors in five identifiable domains that emerged: Identity Development, Perceptions and Expectations, Mental Health, Privilege, and Systems. These domains emerged through the qualitative data coding process, as a result of identifying parallels in participants’ thoughts and subsequently categorizing them into overarching domains (Skjott Linneberg & Korsgaard, 2019). It was apparent that race is a sociocognitive mainstay upon which Black athlete’s status in the world is built on. In the following sections, each theme is illustrated by excerpts from the interviews and integrated with the psychological research within that domain. To protect anonymity, the authors provide minimal context and do not use any pseudonyms or other identifying information. Each quote is taken directly from the transcripts of 1 of the 14 participants.
Contextual Factors’ Impact on the Reception of Substance Use Disorder Treatment Language: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2022
Rebecca Lucero Jones, Stephen T. Fife, Jason T. Cravens
There are three important characteristic features of IPA. First, IPA is idiographic as it emphasizes the detailed exploration of each case (Smith et al., 2009). Second, IPA is an inductive approach for the construction of knowledge. Rather than testing a hypothesis, the analysis proceeds in an iterative manner so that it closely reflects the words and meanings of the participants (Smith, 2004). Third, IPA is interrogative in nature. While this type of analysis focuses on specific cases, the analysis is conducted in the context of existing psychological research and seeks to examine or illuminate the extant literature (Smith, 2004). The present study explores the experience of language not in isolation but in the context of extant literature concerning language specific to the experience of substance-related disorders.