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Major Schools of Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Though the topographic model was helpful in understanding how people process and store information, it is not useful in explaining other important psychological phenomena, e.g., why some people develop psychological disorders and others do not. To extend his theory, Freud developed the structural model of the mind to account for normal and abnormal personality development. This model postulates that the mind could be divided into three interacting categories called the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud called it “the psychic apparatus.” Freud did not mean that these are physical parts of our bodies or our brains, but a metaphorical mental framework. He coined these terms and proposed this division of the mind as abstract ideas meant to help us to understand how personality develops and works, and how mental illnesses can develop. In this model, the three different components interact with each other and create a constant two-way traffic between the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. The essence of the structure described by Freud remains central to psychodynamic theory, although subsequent thinkers have significantly modified the way this model is seen to function.
Brief interventions with parental couples – I
Published in Björn Salomonsson, Psychodynamic Interventions in Pregnancy and Infancy, 2018
I agree with Sager (1976), quoted by Zeitner (2003), that many of my analytic patients seek help due to problems in their intimate relationships. My working perspective is then the individual patient; what s/he feels about the partner, why s/he cannot stand up to wishes and conflicts, and which might be his/her contributions qua projections in the relationship. This lens is also turned towards my counter-transference. I think it is a bit simplistic to intimate, as do Forster and Spivacow (2006), that in couple therapy we focus on problems that reside in an aspect of psychic functioning beyond “the Freudian psychic apparatus”, namely, “the link between the members of the couple (the ‘intersubjective’)” (p. 255). Every psychoanalytically oriented therapy with a group, a family, or an individual takes place in an intersubjective sphere. As an analyst, I am not an omniscient observer who puts my patient/object under the microscope. I am a participating subject who interprets the patient(s) by observing, out- and in-wards, the interplay of transference and countertransference.
Theories of the Etiology of Anxiety
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Trevor R. Norman, Graham D. Burrows, James S. Olver
In later reformulations, Freud conceived of anxiety not emerging merely as a mechanical overflow of affect, but as a signal to the ego. In realistic anxiety, anxiety could be seen adaptively as a warning of danger and the signal for taking flight. In the case of neurotic anxiety, the ego generates anxiety as a signal to flight from libidinal demands (i.e., treating the internal danger as if it were external). Defensive maneuvers, such as fight/flight required in the case of external anxiety, also hold true for neurotic anxiety where the anxiety is transformed into symptoms (predominantly repression and allied defenses) which results in the anxiety becoming bound [4]. Anxiety, therefore, can be seen as involving all components of the psychic apparatus whether as undischarged libidinal energy or as an affect generated by the ego in reaction to internal danger and a signal to mobilize internal defenses where there is a conflict between id drives and superego control.
Hypnosis and Psychoanalysis: Toward Undoing Freud’s Primal Category Mistake
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2018
The psychoanalytic tradition already invokes three realities. As summarized by Meissner (1972), Hartmann and Rapaport distinguished two “realities” from external reality: the inner world, a map or schema of one’s external world (including oneself in it), and the internal world, “the organization and integration of intrapsychic structures that compose the psychic apparatus,” such as the Id, Ego, and Superego. The inner world is representational, the internal world is structural. Let us call these the three classical realities. The complication introduced by DID is the following: each alter has her own inner reality (subjective point-of-view), and her own structural reality (her own Id-Ego-Superego).
A Recurring Nightmare: Risk and Protective Factors for Revictimization of Child Sexual Abuse in Chile
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2022
Lorena Contreras Taibo, David Huepe Artigas, Gorka Navarrete García
Although our study methodology does not allow us to contrast this hypothesis, it appears plausible that sexual abuse committed by women affects the relationship of the victim with their primary figure (mother, grandmother, main guardian) – indeed, the figure who is most essential to the structuring of the psychic apparatus – causing deep trauma and increasing the vulnerability of victims to future events. Research has shown the harmful and traumatic nature of female-perpetrated sexual abuse (Denov, 2004), and other studies have recorded the tendency toward close relationships between victims and their female aggressors, such as a mother, educator, or caretaker (Flores, 2011; McLeod, 2015).