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Impact of Caring on Families and Carers
Published in Mary E. Braine, Julie Wray, Supporting Families & Carers, 2018
In some circumstances, grief and multiple losses felt by caregivers may result in a complex condition as prolonged grief disorder (Prigerson et al. 2009) or sometimes as complicated grief. In their studies on caregivers of patients with disorders of consciousness, i.e., minimally conscious state (MCS) and vegetative state (VS), several Italian researchers reported significant levels of prolonged grief disorder (Chiambretto et al. 2010; Leonardi et al. 2012). Whilst the majority of these patients were located in institutions, caregiver’s grief of patients in VS or MCS can be significant, and they should receive targeted support.
Grief and Bereavement
Published in Stephen R. Connor, Hospice and Palliative Care, 2017
The Handbook of Bereavement Research and Practice: Advances in Theory and Intervention (Stroebe, Hansson, Schut, & Stroebe, 2008) offers a thorough summary of some of the emerging themes, results, and controversies in the bereavement field. Current thinking on theories of grief in contemporary society are examined, and social and practical concerns are explored, including the case for prolonged grief disorder, the patterns and consequences of grief phenomena and their relational nature, and finally the development and efficacy of interventions for grief. This book expands on their two previous volumes (Bereavement and Health; Stroebe & Stroebe, 1987; Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Caring; Stroebe, Hansson, Stroebe, & Schut, 2001).
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
Lindemann's landmark study of bereavement, Â 24 following the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire, focused attention on the intensity and trajectory of expressed grief and introduced the distinction between normal and pathological grief responses, attributes central to understanding the course and outcome of the bereavement process. Most bereaved individuals are able to adjust to their loss over time and return to a level of functioning normal for their society and culture. Nonetheless, for a minority of the bereaved individuals, approximately 10%-20%, bereavement is not a transient life crisis. Â 2,5Â ***,6*** Unable to integrate the loss into their lives, these individuals experience a severe, protracted emotional reaction that impairs everyday functioning. Current understanding of the grief process characterizes grief that is chronic, intense, disabling, and persisting beyond a period considered adaptive as indicative of complicated grief. Â 25*,26 This emotional response is also known as prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Â 23
Prolonged Grief Disorder: Identification and Management
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Complicated or prolonged grief as a mental health problem is long-established in the literature without historical recognition as a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis (Shear, 2015; Shear & Shair, 2005). It was nearly twenty years ago when experts began to advocate for inclusion of a complicated grief diagnosis in the DSM (Horowitz et al., 2003; Shear et al., 2011), yet such a diagnosis and associated criteria were not included in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) despite inclusion as an International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) diagnosis. In March 2022, updated DSM-5 text revisions were released (DSM-5-TR), which included prolonged grief disorder, a significant change from past editions (APA, 2022) and one that will improve diagnostic clarity for individuals experiencing post-grief mental health symptoms moving forward. Psychiatric nurses must familiarize themselves with prolonged grief disorder diagnostic criteria, in addition to what is known about epidemiology and treatment modalities, to provide high-quality mental health care across populations. This article provides a brief overview of prolonged grief disorder and emerging information related to epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Bereavement during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Coping Strategies and Mental Health
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Joscelyn E. Fisher, Alexander J. Rice, Rafael F. Zuleta, Stephen J. Cozza
The COVID-19 pandemic has induced the dual challenges of a massive and rapid increase in recently bereaved individuals, in addition to unique psychosocial and practical challenges to coping with bereavement. Early recognition of prolonged grief disorder and related mental health difficulties, in tandem with appropriate intervention, outreach, and support may be critical to preventing the proliferation of these difficulties. Based on previous research on coping after bereavement and new understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic, these efforts should primarily consider avoidant coping strategies as potential indicators of risk for adverse outcomes and strategies such as support-seeking and active and emotional coping as likely facilitators of reduced adverse outcomes and increased post-traumatic growth. Moreover, understanding the role of the unique conditions of the pandemic, including the suddenness of COVID-19 deaths, blame or guilt related to the spread of the virus, practical and financial challenges to adapting to the loss, and potential difficulties in obtaining support and recognition at a time when loss and psychosocial stressors are ubiquitous, are likely to be key to improving coping among individuals who have been impacted.
Prolonged grief disorder in the postpartum: An editorial
Published in International Journal of Mental Health, 2021
Aurore Barthes, Annick Razafimandimby-Haelewyn, Eric Bui
While a number of mental health disorders may occur in the aftermath of the death of a loved one (Bui, 2018), recent advances in the field of affective disorders have lent empirical support for a bereavement-specific condition, call prolonged grief disorder (PGD)—formally known as complicated grief, that is now included in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), and text revision of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 TR) (Prigerson et al., 2021). The death of a recently born or unborn child is a major loss that has the potential to trigger a grief response that may under certain circumstances lead to the development PGD. It is estimated that two million women experience a stillbirth every year in the world (UN IGME 2020), and it is thus critical to detect early on those at risk for developing PGD. Many known risk factors for PGD including the immediate psychological response to the death (e.g., unanticipated death) (Bui et al., 2013), prior psychiatric history, co-occurring environmental stressors, and lack of perceived social support (Shear, 2015) could be leveraged to identify women at risk for developing PGD after stillbirth, using standardized screening tools. However, future research should also focus on identifying risk factors that are specific risk to the postpartum period.