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Neuropsychological Characteristics of Early Alzheimer Disease
Published in Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini, Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Maura Mitrushina, Paula Altman Fuld
Another research paradigm purport to explore the role of semantic context utilizes semantic priming. Studies exploring the effect of semantic priming on efficiency of information processing suggested that priming with a semantically related context facilitates processing of the stimulus. Nebes and coworkers (Nebes, Martin, & Horn, 1984; Nebes, Brady, & Huff, 1989) used word-naming and lexical-decision tasks to examine effect of semantically-related context on the identification of the stimulus in normal elderly and AD subjects. The word-naming task requires the subject to name visually presented stimulus word, while a lexical-decision task requires the subject to determine whether a given string of letters constitutes an English word (Nebes, Brady & Huff, 1989). As was shown by Seidenberg, Waters, Sanders, & Langer (1984), priming effects in a word-naming task are due to the automatic spread of activation, while those in a lexical-decision task reflect attention-dependent processes, as well. Nebes and coworkers showed that in both studies (1984, 1989) AD patients revealed an equal or substantially larger priming effect (i.e. the difference in response time to a word precipitated by an unrelated vs. a semantically related word) on both tasks, in comparison to the normal controls. However, lexical access time was slower for the group of demented patients. The authors concluded that AD patients benefit from semantic context whether it is mediated by automatic or attention-dependent processes.
The use of behavioural evidence in physical activity policy
Published in Joe Piggin, Louise Mansfield, Mike Weed, Routledge Handbook of Physical Activity Policy and Practice, 2018
Relating this to theory, such an approach is certainly a useful part of a wider supportive environment for physical activity; we know that people are more likely to act on health risk information when this is communicated by a person in a respected position (e.g., O’Malley et al., 2004, Becker and Roblin, 2008), and when that information is personalised (Broekhuizen et al., 2012). One of the key limitations of health messaging is that many people within the community ignore health messages as they do not believe they apply to them. We could therefore hypothesise that if brief advice increases a person’s awareness of their personal health risk, it could act as a ‘prime’ making them more receptive to the existing generic information, support and advice available elsewhere in their environment, and thus heighten the effect of these complementary campaigns. However, this hypothesis of a priming effect needs investigation. Evaluations of the efficacy of opportunistic brief advice show a small but significant positive effect on physical activity (Lawlor and Hanratty, 2001, Anokye et al., 2014, Campbell et al., 2012), suggesting that it does appear to encourage people to move towards taking action. Given its low costs and potentially wide reach, the impact of even this small size of effect on national physical activity levels could be considerable.
Glossary
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh
verbal priming: Priming occurs when exposure to one stimulus or perceptual pattern influences the response to another stimulus, especially if it is in the same sensory modality. Thus, verbal priming works best with verbal cues. Priming effects may underlie certain biases in medicine. For example, if a patient is referred to as a drug user, the term may more easily evoke negative stereotyping of the patient, ascertainment bias, and a lessened standard of care.
Adult Age Differences in Sensitivity to Semantic Satiation
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Sheila R. Black, Meagan M. Wood, Jaimie Choi, Barbara-Shae Jackson, Teairra Z. Evans
In sum, the predictions for this experiment are straightforward. First, turning to younger adults it was expected that there would be facilitation in the Related Context condition relative to a Neutral condition and that this facilitation would decrease as a function of repetition. Second, for younger adults, we expected that there would be inhibition in the Related Target condition relative to a Neutral baseline and that the inhibition would decrease as a function of repetition. Third, the pattern of priming effects should be similar for younger and older adults in that older adults should produce facilitation in the Related Context condition and inhibition in the target related condition. Fourth, due to age-related changes in sensitivity to semantic satiation, there should be less attenuation in the semantic effects of the prime as a function of repetition for older adults in comparison with younger adults. There might even be an increase in priming as a function of repetition if older adults are less sensitive to the semantic satiation manipulation.
A representation of students with intellectual disabilities in South Korean online newspaper articles using keyword network analysis
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Media is one of the important ways of forming and maintaining people’s social attitudes toward a particular group in society. Media has such an influence because it serves as an interpretative schema that applies to classifying and interpreting information to the public according to how the media emphasizes and reports on a specific topic (Goffman 1974, Ryu 2018). This is called news framing which can be described as three models: framing effect, agenda-setting effect, and priming effect (Scheufele and Tewksbury 2007). First, the framing effect assumes that the way the audience understands can be affected by how the media has characterized the issue in the report. Second, agenda setting assumes that repetitive reports on specific issues will lead the public to perceive these issues as important. Last, priming effect assumes that the information exposed to the media can be used as a basis for evaluation in the decision-making process of related issues. These effects can be formed by various factors such as politics, economy, society, culture that can lead to various changes. Public’s social perception of people with IDs can also be influenced by the media’s representation of them, which can lead to changes of related policies and services (Jo and Berkowitz 1994, Wilkinson and McGill 2009). Therefore, a review of the media on people with IDs can provide useful information to understand the public’s social perspectives as well as how the media has potential to promote inclusiveness.
Memory Performance of People with Different Dementia Severity for Different Semantic Hierarchies
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2019
Min-Sheng Chen, Wei-Ru Chen, Hao-Ming Lee
As for the associations in semantic memory, Collins and Loftus (1975) proposed a spreading-activation model to explain the strength of semantic links. They likened memory organization to a complex network of connections, where each node will respond to stimulation from its neighboring nodes, thus activation can spread easily from one node to other nodes. Gollan, Salmon, and Paxton (2006) investigated the effects of associative strength on performance in a word association task. Their results indicated that people with AD performed more poorly for strong word associations compared to healthy elderly persons, but showed similar performance for weak word associations. This result is consistent with the spread-activation theory, specifically that words with strong associations will have greater levels of activation. Chiu (2007) proposed that the strength of the semantic priming effect is based on the association between the primer and the target. Furthermore, the majority of psychologists have regarded the semantic priming effect produced by spread activation as evidence that the representation of semantic knowledge in memory processes exists in a network form.