China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Basic stats
Published in O. Ajetunmobi, Making Sense of Critical Appraisal, 2021
Correlation describes a simple statistical procedure that examines whether a linear association exists between two different independent variables, X and Y. Correlation is used when both compared variables have simply been measured and their values have not been controlled or pre-set in any way.
Linear regression
Published in Ewen Harrison, Pius Riinu, R for Health Data Science, 2020
The last important concept to mention here is confounding. Confounding is a situation in which the association between an explanatory variable (exposure) and outcome (dependent variable) is distorted by the presence of another explanatory variable.
The New Zealand Case-Control Studies of Asthma Deaths and Fenoterol: Interpretation and Clinical and Drug Regulatory Implications
Published in Richard Beasley, Neil E. Pearce, The Role of Beta Receptor Agonist Therapy in Asthma Mortality, 2020
On the basis of these arguments, it seems that despite the authors’ appropriate attempts to measure and adjust for confounding factors, there could still be some residual confounding primarily by the severity of underlying disease, and also by other social, psychosocial, and medical care factors. Because the primary association in these studies is not strong, it is conceivable that this association could be produced largely by uncontrolled confounding. It must be pointed out, however, that a study design that would avoid such confounding is by no means simple. It is more difficult to see how the strong associations within those subjects who had one or more of the indicators of severity could be produced by such confounding.
Implementation and first experiences with a multimodal mentorship curriculum for medicine-paediatrics residents
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Lao-Tzu Allan-Blitz, Yannis Valtis, Michael Sundberg, Niraj Sharma, Elizabeth Petersen, C. Nicholas Cuneo
After the latest iteration of curricular development, we attempted to evaluate the program objectively. We compared resident satisfaction reported on annual surveys during the years before any formal mentorship curriculum was implemented (2012–2015) with resident satisfaction during the years that included the full spectrum of mentorship curricular activities (2016–2021). Satisfaction was defined as responding either satisfied or very satisfied to survey questions (as opposed to neutral, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied). We used chi-square and fisher’s exact tests to assess statistical association. All analyses were completed in STATA 15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). The Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board exempted the analysis of de-identified data from institutional review (2021P000979).
The Role of Affect as a Mediator between Coping Resources and Heart Rate Variability among Older Adults
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Galit Pinto, Lee Greenblatt-Kimron, Ibrahim Marai, Avraham Lorber, Ariela Lowenstein, Miri Cohen
In contrast to the associations found for negative affect, no associations were found for HF-HRV and positive affect. Although several previous studies reported finding positive associations (Bhattacharyya et al., 2008; Geisler et al., 2010; Kok & Fredrickson, 2010; Wang et al., 2013), other studies did not (Friedman, 2007; Sloan et al., 2017). Moreover, it was postulated that HRV is mainly affected by negative affect, not positive affect (Sloan et al., 2017). It may be that reporting positive affect could sometimes stem from a deliberate effort to conceal negative feelings, which does not create an actual change in HRV. Especially regarding old age, emotional–motivational theory proposes that the sense of approaching end of life encourages giving primacy to enhancing emotionally positive expressions (Scheibe & Carstensen, 2010) that may not always be in line with the inner experience of emotions. Support for this notion is found in studies reporting that older individuals tend to cover emotional experiences with nonspecific positive expressions (Goldblatt, Cohen, & Azaiza, 2016). Another explanation could be that positive affect consists of divergent types of emotions, not all of which influence HF-HRV in the same direction, as previously suggested (Duarte & Pinto-Gouveia, 2017; Schwerdtfeger & Gerteis, 2014).
Intraoperative hypotension and its organ-related consequences in hypertensive subjects undergoing abdominal surgery: a cohort study
Published in Blood Pressure, 2021
Szymon Czajka, Zbigniew Putowski, Łukasz J. Krzych
As regards limitations, this is an observational study and therefore can only address association and not causality. Secondly, MAP was calculated using a formula, not measured directly during the procedure. There might be a difference between MAP values derived from an equation and those obtained from oscillometric BP measuring. Additionally, BP was recorded in 5-minute interval – the real, exact time of intraoperative hypotension could be mismatched. Arterial pressure measurements were performed on one arm only due to technical reasons; therefore, there is the possibility of an observational error, which could be eliminated by making parallel measurements on both arms. In our study we did not analyse the total duration of hypotension episodes, assuming that even short 5-minute hypotension episodes increase the risk of adverse effects, as demonstrated in previous studies [32]; such an analysis will be the subject of our further studies. Moreover, we did not assess the BP value in relation to the perioperative fluid balance, which might have affected our results especially in the context of the intraoperative use of vasopressors. Another issue is associated with outcome reporting. There is a risk that some asymptomatic hypoperfusion events were not reported due to suboptimal monitoring and insufficient diagnostics after discharge from the operating theatre to the ward.