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Vegetables
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Examples need not be multiplied to convey the emotions these skeletons evoke. Rather than pathos, this section seeks patterns in the welter of details. But, as the particulars suggest, evidence does not point in one direction. An onlooker may infer health from femurs that were more robust among Herculaneum women than today’s U.S. women and roughly equal among Herculaneum and American men.109 Against these data, Herculaneum leg bones and pelvises were flatter—a phenomenon already mentioned as a response to exertions—than those of modern Americans. Flattening indicates that these ancients were more active than moderns, a fact emphasized throughout this book. Moreover, flattening is often an adaptation to undernutrition, which thins bones. Unable to bear weight in their normal shape—akin to a cylinder in long bones—they flatten to accommodate muscles. Herculaneum’s thick femurs, however, demonstrated that undernutrition was not universal even though previous paragraphs referenced instances of it.
Oropharynx
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
As a consequence of the better outcome associated with HPV(+) HNSCC of the oropharynx, there is movement towards patient stratification to minimise treatment-associated toxicity in HPV(+) tumours, while maintaining good outcomes. In the UK the PATHOS trial seeks to answer this question and move away from single-modality treatment in favour of reducing morbidity in a group of patients who have a high rate of survival despite their treatment modality. Patients enrolled in PATHOS are treated surgically by transoral resection and neck dissection, then risk stratified according to their postoperative histology. They are then randomised into adjuvant treatment arms of conventional versus de-escalated treatment [35].
Science is Business, Not Health
Published in Michael Fine, James W. Peters, Robert S. Lawrence, The Nature of Health, 2018
Michael Fine, James W. Peters, Robert S. Lawrence
Indeed, there is pathos in the often correct perception of liability, because the fear of malpractice lawsuits often fuels the practice of defensive medicine, which costs the nation billions of dollars a year, and contributes to both profit for the medical industrial complex, and impoverishment of communities. Every wasted dollar poured into profit for unneeded medication and testing is a dollar not available to cycle inside communities, not available for making communities stronger. Here’s how this absurd reductive trap works. Medical “science” discovers a test or cure, and loudly proclaims it to be the latest and greatest. The news media, anxious for a story, spread the word. Regardless of the specifics, their coverage carries implicit messages: that medical science can fix all humanity’s ills; that everyone can live forever; that life is a property right and not a gift that flows from the individual’s families and communities in partnership with one another; and that if someone dies it is because someone else made a mistake. Over time people instill these messages, which feed into two core sentiments of consumer capitalism, one healthy and one dangerous. The healthy sentiment is that everybody ought to have equal rights in a free society. The dangerous sentiment is that if your property right is infringed on, you have a moral obligation to defend it in the courts. You get sick: should you sue? Mom or Dad dies: should you sue? Who? Someone must be guilty. Someone must be available to pay.
Comparing a fixed combination of budesonide/formoterol with other inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting beta-agonist combinations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Paolo Solidoro, Filippo Patrucco, Diego Bagnasco
The search results are summarized in Figure 1. After deduplicating the results of the Ovid and PubMed databases and manually reviewing the results for relevance and approved dosages (comparative studies addressing the endpoints of interest), 15 studies were identified: one comparing budesonide/formoterol with beclomethasone/formoterol [18], one comparing budesonide/formoterol with fluticasone/vilanterol [19], and 13 comparing budesonide/formoterol with fluticasone/salmeterol [20–32]. One of these studies was subsequently excluded because it was a cost analysis of data from the PATHOS study, and did not provide any new data on the outcomes of interest [32]. Of the remaining 14 studies, only two were prospective, randomized trials, one in which the active-comparator was beclomethasone/formoterol, and the other was a crossover trial in which the comparator was fluticasone/salmeterol [18,27].
Real-world evidence effect of budesonide+formoterol Spiromax on patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Sweden
Published in European Clinical Respiratory Journal, 2019
Christer Janson, Hicham Benhaddi, Michael Törnblom, Milica Uhde, Gunnar Johansson
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases [4]. The prevalence of COPD in patients older than 45 years of age is 8%−14% [5]. Fifty percent of elderly smokers developed COPD in one cross-sectional cohort study in Sweden [5] and, even among nonsmokers, the prevalence of COPD in Sweden is 3%−8% [6]. COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide and often coincides with conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and musculoskeletal impairment [7]. Approximately 3000 people per year die from COPD-related complications in Sweden [7,8] and, according to the Swedish PATHOS study, COPD patients have a life expectancy 8 years shorter than the general population [9].
The power of nonverbal communication in medical education
Published in Medical Teacher, 2019
Felipe Piza, Polyana Piza, Richard M. Schwartzstein
In 1356 BCE, Aristotle uttered the importance of the three pillars of communication: ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is the speaker´s personal character and according to Aristotle the most important of the three pillars because it establishes the speakers’ competence, good intention and empathy. This characteristic is conveyed mostly with nonverbal elements such as tone of voice, pitch, posture, etc. Pathos is the emotional aspect to be acknowledged in communication. Emotions are feelings that can influence one’s judgment and beliefs. Logos is the logical reasoning that should form the basis for assertions being made. It encompasses the ability to wisely connect the arguments and data for reasoning purposes (Braet 1992).