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Parental alcoholism
Published in David Morley, Xiaoming Li, Crispin Jenkinson, Children and Young People's Response to Parental Illness, 2016
Peggy S. Keller, Lauren R. Gilbert, Eric A. Haak, Shuang Bi
Despite the popularity of family-role typology among self-help authors and some clinicians, there is little empirical support for their construct validity or clinical utility (Vernig, 2011). CoAs do not fit neatly into these categories, and like codependency, in some cases these so-called family roles appear to be tapping into more valid constructs (including the general family dynamics described above). However, there is some research to support parentification in families characterised by alcohol problems. Parentification is the process when children take on the role of parents, attempting to take care of them physically and emotionally, and fulfilling the responsibilities of parents when they cannot do so. Adult CoAs report higher levels of parentification, including instrumental and emotional caregiving, and feelings of past unfairness in their family, than adult non-CoAs report (Kelley et al., 2007). Parentification is reported by adult CoAs with regard to their experiences growing up and their current family relationships (Pasternak and Schier, 2012). Parentification is associated with adverse outcomes for children, as parental roles likely get in the way of more appropriate and critical developmental goals, and children's success at parental roles tends not to be very high, leading to feelings of guilt, anxiety and depression (Khafi et al., 2014).
Contact: William S. Burroughs’s philosophy of love
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2023
Burroughs’s early emotional instability, reflected in his tendency towards trauma-inducing altered states, may have sprung from his mother’s emotional, yet aloof mothering style (Bockris, 1982, p. xiv). Some degree of emotional parentification, or what I have termed nurture failure (Kelley, 2016, pp. 95–105, 2019a), could have come into play, inasmuch as Laura’s alignment with William (a constellation mirrored by Mote’s bond with Mortimer) forced the Burroughs boys into becoming a confidant or surrogate ‘mate’, each of his respective favoured parent (Earley & Cushway, 2002, p. 165). Both the present author’s theory of nurture failure in particular, as well as parentification theory in general, conceive of healthy parent-child relationships as asymmetrical in that parents confuse and disturb children when they replicate with them the kinds of reciprocal modes of relating typical of adult relationships (Jones & Wells, 1996; Jurkovic, 1997; Kelley, 2019a).
Couple and parenting functioning of childhood sexual abuse survivors: a systematic review of the literature (2001-2018)
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2021
Heather B. MacIntosh, A. Dana Ménard
Self-reported perceptions of parenting was the predominant approach to measuring parenting behaviors. Two groups performed observational assessments of parents with their children (Fitzgerald et al., 2005; Zvara et al., 2015). While survivors rated themselves as less efficacious in parenting, no differences were observed between CSA survivors and non-survivor mothers in a community sample on ratings of support, quality of parenting care, and maternal confidence (Fitzgerald et al., 2005). In contrast, another study found that CSA survivor mothers were rated as being less sensitive and harsher and more intrusive. Observers rated CSA parents as having difficulty with boundary dissolution behaviors, i.e., treating the child more like a peer than a child, parentification, inappropriately allowing the child to make decisions, and failing to set limits (Zvara et al., 2015).
Interpersonal Decentering and Person–Situation Interaction in the Thematic Apperception Test: Is It all in the Cards? What’s the Story?
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2020
Sharon Rae Jenkins, Caleb J. Siefert, Katherine Weber
TATs can be considered process-oriented measures (Bornstein, 2011), and as such, scoring systems can be evaluated by the extent to which scores vary under theoretically defined experimental conditions (Borsboom, Mellenbergh, & van Heerden, 2004; Schultheiss & Brunstein, 1999). To the extent that the varied social roles of characters depicted in the cards can be considered sequential experimental manipulations that vary the social-cognitive decentering processes of the storyteller, this study can be seen as a test of the “causal validity” of this measure. Consistent with social role theory (Eagly et al., 2000), different situations represented in story cue stimuli (e.g., picture cards) or real life should evoke different maturity levels of decentering activity for most people. Because social interaction among unimpaired humans is shaped in part by behavioral norms for the social roles involved, considering the parameters of those roles is often important for assessing the appropriateness of story characters’ behavior. For example, in most cultures parents are considered responsible for the behavior of their children, but children are not considered responsible for the behavior of their parents. Deviation from this norm is generally judged as a family malfunction called parentification.