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Neurology and neurosurgery
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
12.21. Which of the following statements is/are true in relation to mental retardation?Mental retardation occurs in more than 1% of the population.The majority of mildly retarded individuals are at the upper end of socioeconomic scale.Dietary modification may prevent some forms of mental retardation.Pregnant women with no immunity against rubella should be immunized as soon as they find out that they are pregnant.Early treatment of congenital hypothyroidism may not prevent the associated mental retardation.
Contraindications to breastfeeding
Published in Amy Brown, Wendy Jones, A Guide to Supporting Breastfeeding for the Medical Profession, 2019
Galactosaemia occurs in about 1 in 45,000 births (Walter et al. 1999). It is a deficiency of enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase transmitted as an autosomal-recessive trait. The liver enzyme that converts galactose to glucose is absent, so the baby is unable to metabolise lactose. The infants appear normal at birth but often have feeding difficulties, with jaundice, enlarged liver, lethargy, irritability, vomiting and poor weight gain (Walker 2006). Without treatment mental retardation develops. Galactosaemia is one of the few instances where breastfeeding needs to stop immediately to be replaced by galactose-free formula milk. Approximately one in every 19,000 infants born in Ireland may have this condition. However, it is particularly common among infants born to Traveller parents, in whom the incidence is approximately 1 in 450 births. Babies of the Traveller community are offered the Beutler test on day 1 of life and are fed galactose-free feed (soya-based) formula and not breastfed until the result of the test is available. This protects the infant if he/she has the condition (UCD School of Public Health and Population 2010).
Prevalence and Genetic Epidemiology of Developmental Disabilities
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Coleen A. Boyle, Kim Van Naarden Braun, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp
Mental retardation is a group of heterogeneous disorders with varying underlying etiologies. The primary feature of MR is a deficit in general cognitive or intellectual functioning with onset up to 18 years of age. Mental retardation is measured as a standardized intelligence quotient (IQ), through individually administered psychometric tests (4). An IQ of 70 or lower reflects a score of two standard deviations below the population mean score of 100 and is felt to reflect performance in the mentally retarded range. While IQ tests are designed to measure verbal communication, reasoning, and performance on tasks of motor and spatial capabilities, they do not capture other aspects of a person’s functioning. As a result, the American Association of Mental Retardation (AAMR) has suggested that adaptive functioning (a person’s ability to perform activities of daily living and social functioning) be taken into consideration when determining the level of MR (4).
Genome-wide association studies on Northern Italy isolated populations provide further support concerning genetic susceptibility for major depressive disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Vincenzo Dattilo, Sheila Ulivi, Alessandra Minelli, Martina La Bianca, Edoardo Giacopuzzi, Marco Bortolomasi, Stefano Bignotti, Massimo Gennarelli, Paolo Gasparini, Maria Pina Concas
The replication cohort has been made of 463 MDD patients and 339 controls. Patients with at least moderate to severe depression, who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) classification system criteria, were voluntarily enrolled in the study. All of them had been referred to Villa S. Chiara Psychiatric Hospital in Verona or the Psychiatry Rehabilitation Unit of IRCCS Centro Fatebenefratelli ‘S. Giovanni di Dio’ in Brescia. Diagnosis of unipolar depression was confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) diagnostic scale. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) mental retardation or cognitive disorder; (b) a lifetime history of schizophrenic, schizoaffective, or bipolar disorder; (c) personality disorder, substance abuse, alcohol abuse or dependency, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder as the primary diagnosis; and (d) comorbidity with an eating disorder.
Trichobezoar presenting as an acute abdominal obstruction in a 17-year-old girl
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2022
Zuhal Bayramoglu, Rana Gunoz Comert, Basak Erginel, Abdulkadir Baziki
Bezoar obstruction of the small intestine and giant bezoar in the stomach are rare causes of vomiting in adolescents and young adults and require surgical removal. Foreign bodies swallowed by pre-school-age children include toys, while adolescents may repeatedly ingest organic foreign bodies. Mental retardation or psychiatric disorders are usually the basis of these behavioural disorders [7]. Bezoars may require admission to hospital owing to non-specific findings such as an inability to gain weight, growth retardation, anaemia, vomiting and abdominal tenderness. In the presence of dyspeptic symptoms such as vomiting and regurgitation, if there is an enlarged stomach on imaging, bezoars in the gastric lumen should be considered; other causes include pyloric stenosis and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Since bezoars are formed from indigestible food residue, they are of soft tissue density on radiography, but contrast with the air surrounding the bezoar in the enlarged intestinal lumen may provide a clue to the diagnosis [8]. Children with iron deficiency should be carefully evaluated as the deficiency may progress owing to mucosal irritation. Bezoars can also be caused by pica [9]. In this case, significant anaemia (<8 g/dL) did not develop, despite the large size of the trichobezoar.
Affective temperaments (TEMPS-A) in panic disorder and healthy probands: Genetic modulation by 5-HTT variation
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Miriam A. Schiele, Katharina Herzog, Leonie Kollert, Joscha Böhnlein, Jonathan Repple, Karoline Rosenkranz, Elisabeth J. Leehr, Christiane Ziegler, Ulrike Lueken, Udo Dannlowski, Paul Pauli, Volker Arolt, Peter Zwanzger, Jürgen Deckert, Andreas Erfurth, Katharina Domschke
The clinical sample comprised 109 patients of Caucasian origin (mean age ± SD 36.2 ± 10.9 years; 69 female) with PD as ascertained by experienced psychiatrists on the basis of medical records and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Mean age of onset (available for N = 93) was at 29.7 ± 10.4 years of age. Comorbid mental disorders other than agoraphobia and depression were excluded. Seventy-one patients (data unavailable for N = 8) were diagnosed with concurrent agoraphobia, 34 (data unavailable for N = 26) with comorbid major depression. Patients with mental retardation, neurological or neurodegenerative disorders were excluded. N = 42 patients (41.2%; data unavailable for N = 7) were on stable medication with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI; N = 37), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI; N = 2), noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSA; N = 1) or antipsychotic medication (N = 1) at the time of assessment. All patients were assessed during acute PD episodes.