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Clinical Effects of 2C-B Abuse
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Esther Papaseit, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Débora González, Francina Fonseca, Marta Torrens, Magí Farré
A complete neurophysiological assessment, including the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) test, Face Emotion Recognition Task (FERT), and speech evaluation, was conducted in twenty healthy recreational 2C-B users who self-administered an oral dose of 20 mg of 2C-B (double sample size and double dose compared to that described by Shulgin). Subjects experienced entactogenic effects (an ‘open mind’ state with properties including an increase in self-awareness, the sensation of ‘producing a touching within’, introspection, elevated sensory perception, and enhanced prosocial effect) with psychedelic and hallucinogenic characteristics (González et al., 2015).
Brain stimulation: new directions
Published in Alan Weiss, The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook, 2018
In recent work, 32 participants were asked to respond to targets or withhold responses when shown either positive or negative pictures from the international affective picture system (Preuss, Hasler and Mast, 2014). Each subject was exposed to cold (20�C) left or right-ear CVS or sham stimulation (37�C). Results demonstrated improvement in affective control during right-ear CVS when viewing positive stimuli but decreased during leftear CVS when compared to sham stimulation. Positive mood ratings decreased during left-ear CVS when compared to sham stimulation but there was no effect after right-ear CVS (Preuss et al., 2014). The result support earlier work in which three patients, one with mania and two with schizophrenia demonstrating delusions and of insight, were challenged with left- versus right-ear ice water (4�C) at baseline, immediately after CVS treatment and then at three other times over the next 24 hours (Levine et al., 2012). All three patients showed a difference favouring left- rather than right-ear CVS, which was maintained for 20 minutes and diminished over a 60-minute period (Levine et al., 2012).
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
To assess the impact of emotions and attention on the perception of dyspnea, von Leupoldt et al. tested healthy volunteers made dyspneic using inspiratory resistive load [25,26]. While exposed to a constant resistive load, the subjects were exposed to standardized pictures from the International Affective Picture System with positive, neutral, and negative emotional content in one experiment or had their attention distracted by reading texts in another. Although subjects rated dyspnea intensity similarly under the varying experimental conditions, the perceived unpleasantness of the dyspnea improved as the images changed from negative to positive or as attention was distracted. This impact of emotions or attention on the degree of suffering felt from a specific physiologic stimulus is similar in pain perception and may support the palliative medicine tenet that the optimal treatment of physical suffering requires addressing patient psychosocial/spiritual/existential issues.
The cortisol awakening response and the late positive potentials evoked by unpleasant emotional pictures in healthy adults
Published in Stress, 2022
The passive viewing task was run on a computer with a 17-inch monitor. The entire task consisted of 3 blocks including 60 pictures (30 unpleasant and 30 neutral each). The pictures used in our study were selected from the International Affective Picture System (Lang et al., 1997). The unpleasant picture set included images of bodily mutilation, threat and attack scenes, whereas the neutral picture set incorporated images of landscapes and neutral faces1. Unpleasant and neutral pictures differed in terms of valence (means of 2.48 ± 0.56 for unpleasant and 5.03 ± 0.33 for neutral; t(58) = −21.112, p < 0.001) and arousal (means of 5.66 ± 0.53 for unpleasant and 2.92 ± 0.49 for neutral; t(58) = 20.479, p < 0.001). Each trial began with a 1000 ms presentation with a random interstimulus interval of 1200–1800 ms. Pictures were presented with a viewing distance of approximately 70 cm. Participants were instructed to passively view each presented picture and did not need to make any response.
Family Members of Those with SUDs: Examining Associations between Family and PFC Functioning
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2021
Hannah Agner, Spencer D. Bradshaw, Lauren Winfrey, Mazie Zielinski, Sterling T. Shumway
The stimuli presentation was approximately 20 minutes in length and showed 58 images (48 experimental, 10 habituation black/white static images). Images were pseudo-randomized into five presentation orders to control for effect. For the 48 experimental images, participants viewed 12 positive, 12 negative, and 12 neutral images as well as 12 images of their SUD loved one if in the experimental group, or 12 images of their target family member if in the control group. Participants provided the image of the SUD loved one or target family member, respectively, which included a shoulder-up headshot in front of a neutral background with no other emotionally salient stimuli. This image was repeated 12 times in the presentation. The positive, negative, and neutral images were selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). Positive images were erotic in nature, negative images included various threatening images, and neutral images were of common household items. In between each image, a blank screen was shown for 10 seconds as a washout inter-trial interval (ITI) (Schroeter, Zysset, & von Cramon, 2004).
Evening chronotype, alcohol use disorder severity, and emotion regulation in college students
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Briana J. Taylor, Marissa A. Bowman, Alicia Brindle, Brant P. Hasler, Kathryn A. Roecklein, Robert T. Krafty, Karen A. Matthews, Martica H. Hall
The emotion regulation task was adapted from widely-used emotion regulation testing paradigms (Greening et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2014; Moutsiana et al. 2014). Participants viewed a series of neutral, negative, and positive images, selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Bradley and Lang 2017). In a pseudorandom order, images were presented in 10 blocks, each comprised of 12 positive, 12 negative, or 12 neutral images (Figure 1). Each image was preceded by one of three cues: “look”, “reframe”, or “enhance”. Prior to the task, participants were trained on each cue: “look” cued participants to view the image while experiencing their emotions naturally; “reframe” cued participants to reappraise the image’s meaning in a more positive way; “enhance” cued participants to increase their positive response to the image by thinking about it in a more personally relevant manner. Participants practiced “reframing” and “enhancing” their emotions out-loud with a study staff member and then again during a computer practice session. The training and practice sessions were not intended to improve participants’ emotion regulation abilities but were rather intended to ensure that participants could perform the task correctly.