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Traumatic Brain Injury
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Alan Lisbon, Stephen Heard, 50 Landmark Papers, 2021
Farahvar et al. used a large, prospectively collected database containing information on patients admitted to one of 20 level 1 and 2 level II trauma centers. The authors examined the effect on 2-week mortality of ICP reduction therapies administered to patients with severe TBI treated either with or without an ICP monitor. They found that patients of all ages treated with an ICP monitor in place had lower mortality at 2 weeks (p = 0.02) than those treated without an ICP monitor [3]. Using the same database, Gerber examined the trends in adherence to the guidelines and the effect of time period on case-fatality. During the time period studied, adherence to the guidelines increased and use of ICP monitoring increased and case fatality decreased [4].
Release of Nickel Ion from the Metal and Its Alloys as Cause of Nickel Allergy
Published in Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach, Nickel and the Skin, 2019
Jurij J. Hostýnek, Katherine E. Reagan, Howard I. Maibach
The method measures ions produced by a radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma. The compound to be analyzed, present in liquid form, is nebulized and the resulting aerosol transported by argon gas into the plasma torch. The ions produced are entrained in the plasma gas and introduced, by means of a water-cooled interface, into a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ions produced in the plasma are sorted according to their mass-to-charge ratios and quantified with a channel electron multiplier (EPA, 1986).
Principles and Problems of Cadmium Analysis
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Birger Lind
A new technique, inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP),53 enables simultaneous determination of a large number of metals. However, the equipment is very expensive and the detection limit for cadmium (2 μg Cd per liter) is about the same as for conventional atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a flame.65
Determination of ultra-trace metal-protein interactions in co-formulated monoclonal antibody drug product by SEC-ICP-MS
Published in mAbs, 2023
Laurence Whitty-Léveillé, Zachary L. VanAernum, Jorge Alexander Pavon, Christa Murphy, Katie Neal, William Forest, Xinliu Gao, Wendy Zhong, Douglas D. Richardson, Hillary A. Schuessler
The detection of ultra-trace transition elements in drug product formulation and their potential interaction with the proteins is thus crucial to understanding modifications of biotherapeutic drugs. Conventional inductively coupled plasma-based methods such as atomic emission spectrometry or mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively) allow detection of trace metals in the drug product, but can only provide information about total metal content in solution. Methods that provide information about metal speciation, which can be used to understand the interactions between metals and proteins, are thus needed for biologics development.28 Other methods such as native MS are well-suited to measure specific metal-protein binding,29–32 but are generally not suitable to measure the total amount of free metal that may interact with a protein in solution. The coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ICP-MS has become the preferred tool to study such interactions.33–35 This is principally due to the variety of available chromatographic separation methods, and the sensitivity of element-specific detection offered by an ICP-MS. The combination of HPLC and ICP-MS allows both identification and quantitation of specific metals within each chromatographically resolved species.
Comparison of different end-tidal carbon dioxide levels in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
The gold standard and most reliable method of measuring ICP is invasive ventricular catheter placement. However, circumstances such as bleeding, infection, equipment problems and the absence of the person to perform the procedure limit the use of this invasive procedure (Geeraerts et al. 2008; Dubourg et al. 2011). Therefore, in such cases, a non-invasive, simple, safe, low-cost, easy-to-access, appropriate to use in emergency and accurate technique is required for intraoperative ICP monitoring. Ultrasonographic measurement of ONSD is a non-invasive and simple method that has been commonly used in recent years in the operating room and intensive care to monitor the increase in ICP (Besir and Tugcugil 2019). Furthermore, ONSD measurement using this method is less time-consuming and costly and no patient transport is required compared to CT scans and MRI measurements. The retrobulbar optic nerve is surrounded by a flexible subarachnoid space, thus optic nerve sheath expands in the case of elevated ICP (Geeraerts et al. 2008). Based on results reported by other studies, the cut-off value of ONSD is considered to range from 5.0 to 5.8 mm in the estimation of elevated ICP (>20 mmHg) (Geeraerts et al. 2007; Kimberly et al. 2008; Moretti and Pizzi 2009).
The relationship between serum zinc levels and myopia
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Niamh Burke, John S Butler, Ian Flitcroft, James Loughman
One possible explanation for the difference in findings may relate to methodological variation in serum zinc measurement and to reliability issues associated with the respective techniques. Previously published observational studies have all used an atomic absorption spectrometry technique, whereas, in our study, serum zinc was determined by ICP‐MS. Both tools have their advantages, but it has been well documented that ICP‐MS is a more sensitive technique, thus has better detection limits.32 Therefore, direct comparison between studies is difficult, and this may contribute to conflicting results. Retest reliability can also be poor in serum zinc testing. In a recent study, two different laboratories performed two subsequent serum zinc measurements in blinded duplicate of serum samples. The commercial laboratory showed no significant correlation between both measured serum zinc concentrations (r = 0.21; p = 0.44), while the laboratory specialising in trace element research demonstrated a significant correlation of results from two subsequent measurements (r = 0.69; p < 0.01). This only emphasises the difficulties in establishing zinc status, and the unreliability of measures.33