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Systematic Class of Classical, Vector-Based Architecture Types
Published in Harald Maurer, Cognitive Science, 2021
The initial, and fundamental, question is which method of computation more accurately represents human cognition: the numerical cognitive neuroarchitecture of connectionism ("brain-as-numerical-computer") which describes the processing of the brain, or the symbolic cognitive architecture of symbolism which describes the processing of the mind ("mind-as-symbolic-computer")? In response to this question, Smolensky takes up a conciliatory position (Smolensky and Legendre 2006a). In an overall view of human cognition, the brain and mind are one and the same complex system. It is a massively parallel, numerical "computer" at a lower formal level of description (in relation to the biophysical level), and at the same time, at a higher level of description (in relation to the mental level), it is a rule-based traditional "computer" of discrete symbol structures. The relationship between these two descriptions can be given with mathematical precision in analogy to the relationship between classical and statistical thermodynamics.
The dietetics of the soul in Britain in the long eighteenth century
Published in James Kennaway, Rina Knoeff, Lifestyle and Medicine in the Enlightenment, 2020
In our own time, scientific and medical thinking on the nature of emotions and their relationship to the body and to health have continued to undergo important changes (Solomon, 1993; Nussbaum, 2001). Scientists such as Antonio Damasio have highlighted the role of emotions in human cognition, and philosophical observers such as Martha Nussbaum and Robert Solomon have argued that philosophers have been too hostile to emotions, mistakenly depicting them as physical and the opposite of reason. In this context, looking back at the long eighteenth century is illuminating in a number of ways. So many of the serious public health challenges in the West, from obesity to smoking, are not readily amenable to the kind of intervention based on the anatomo-clinical medicine that developed over the nineteenth century. Instead, in some ways we find ourselves in situation similar to the eighteenth century, especially in relation to lifestyle medicine. After the twentieth-century triumphs of hospital medicine, today’s focus on broader conceptions of well-being and on mental health are in a sense a return to Enlightenment views of the mind and body.
Governance of patient safety
Published in Gerard Magill, Lawrence Prybil, Governance Ethics in Healthcare Organizations, 2020
Gerard Magill, Lawrence Prybil
Subsequently, the shift of emphasis from individuals to systems was pursued extensively to better engage the relation between human reliability and complex systems.65 In particular, the impact of human factors in crisis management received considerable attention.66 This focus on systems led to a keen focus upon the role of human factors, such as in using medical devices,67 including the psychology of human cognition and action and the processes of human perception.68 Not surprisingly, the increased interest in a systems approach to patient safety generated concerns among clinicians and health managers, such as regarding professional liability,69 disclosure and apologies,70 no-fault reporting.71 Yet, the focus on a systems approach to patient safety has increased significantly in healthcare.72
From embodiment to emplacement: Toward understanding occupation as body-mind-environment
Published in Journal of Occupational Science, 2023
Antoine Bailliard, Susan Agostine, Stephanie Bristol, Ya-Cing Syu
In support of Howes’ claims, Pink (2017) revisited a study on bullfighting to demonstrate how her analysis was superior when using the concept of emplacement instead of embodiment. Pink argued that the bullfighters’ “experiences are not simply embodied, but part of a unique environment in progress which both shapes and is shaped by their actions” (p. 83). The theory of emplacement challenges early traditional ideas of place as a location with particular qualities and argues that places are better understood “as composed of entanglements of all components of an environment. This includes geological forms, the weather, human socialites, material objects, buildings, animals, and more,” which are always in movement (p. 88). Pink, Howes, and others have argued that embodied practice is contingent on a dynamic and complicated ecology such that studying human practices must involve studying mind-body-environment relationships. This argument is supported by recent neuroscience on predictor neural processes which suggests that human cognition is mediated by environmental conditions. Although this trend in neuroscience is still a form of ‘weak embodiment’, it acknowledges that cognition is partially dependent on sensorimotor transactions with environments.
Hidden cues for approach and avoidance motivation: implicit cognitive associations among patients with Nonadherence to HIV treatment
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Eric Houston, Deborah Mindry, Eric Alvarado, Joshua J. Kim, Justine Evans, Derjung M. Tarn
Patients living with HIV (PLH) face multiple stressors associated with suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and poor engagement with medical care. These stressors include disproportionately high rates of trauma and depression as well as chronic psychosocial adversities, such as HIV stigma, homonegativity, racism, ethnic discrimination, and poverty (Arnold et al., 2014; Friedman et al., 2015; Reif et al., 2011; Riley et al., 2017). The list of challenges faced by PLH represent significant burdens to individual efforts aimed at managing the cognitive processes that influence treatment motivation, health-related decision-making, and consistent goal-directed behavior (Bower & Sivers, 1998; Kalichman & Kalichman, 2016; Starks et al., 2016). While much HIV treatment research has examined how cognitive processes affect motivation for adherence and medical care engagement, this research has focused predominantly on explicit cognitive processes and associations. As posited by dual process theoretical models of human cognition and information processing, however, motivation and behavior are controlled by both explicit and implicit cognitive processes (Hagger, 2017; Kahneman, 2011; Sherman et al., 2014; Strack & Deutsch, 2004).
The associations between executive functions and different aspects of perceived pain, beyond the influence of depression, in rehabilitation setting
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Odelia Elkana, Yael Conti, Ofir Heyman, Sami Hamdan, Motty Franko, Jean-Jacques Vatine
We found Associations between PP and two aspects of the EFs – Inhibition and Set Shifting, and did not find associations with Updating. The results of this study are in accordance with the limited-capacity models of human cognition (Berryman et al., 2014; Eccleston & Crombez, 1999; Moriarty et al., 2011). These models propose, in general, that sensory signals exceed processing capacity, would exclude from further processing. Our results support the notion that pain automatically demands attention, interrupts ongoing actions, and prioritizes appropriate behaviours to “escape” from bodily “threat.” It is important to note, that in the present study, Inhibition and Shifting were assessed using long and complex tasks (SST and WSCT, 15–30 min), while updating was assessed using a focused and brief task (Digit Span Backward, 2–3 min). It is possible that a short task, demanding focused and limited effort, is easier to manage than continues, complex and exhausting task, that probably, at some point, the effort requires to keep execute it, exceeds the processing capacity.