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Neuropsychological Characteristics of Early Alzheimer Disease
Published in Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini, Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Maura Mitrushina, Paula Altman Fuld
A semantic memory deficit is also responsible for the failure of AD patients to demonstrate a generation effect (Mitchell, Hunt, & Schmitt, 1986). Generation effect can be demonstrated in better retention of words that have been previously generated by a subject, than of words which have simply been read by a subject. This effect occurs because, in comparison to reading, generating an item produces greater activation of its representation in lexical memory (Slamecka & Graf, 1978; McElroy & Slamecka, 1982). Consequently, inadequate representation in lexical or semantic memory in AD patients may account for the absence of generation effect.
Learning from our mistakes
Published in Catherine Haslam, Roy P.C. Kessels, Errorless Learning in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Andrée-Ann Cyr, Nicole D. Anderson
Explanations of the testing effect include the notion that testing can enhance memory directly by strengthening the retrieved memory, or indirectly by making the processing of feedback more effective (for a discussion, see Arnold & McDermott, 2013). Similar mechanisms have been attributed to error generation (e.g., Kornell et al., 2009). Relative to simply studying information, making mistakes sets the stage for richer, more distinctive encoding, and greater attentional deployment towards correct information. Perhaps the most compelling explanations place semantic memory as the locus of the error-generation effect. For example, studies show that error generation is helpful when associating units of information that are semantically related (e.g., frog–pond) but not when they are unrelated (e.g., frog–pencil) (Huesler & Metcalfe, 2012; Grimaldi & Karpicke, 2012). A theory of semantic elaboration at encoding has emerged to account for this finding (e.g., Grimaldi & Karpicke, 2012; Huesler & Metcalfe, 2012), suggesting that related guesses can provide additional retrieval routes to accessing the target (frog→lilypad→pond). This elaborative encoding structure is not possible when cues and targets are unrelated because guesses cannot semantically scaffold retrieval (frog→lilypad≠pencil). Similar reasoning has been applied to testing effects, suggesting that during retrieval practice subjects covertly generate many potential words and that those words can serve as “mediators” for the target word on a later test (Carpenter, 2009; Pyc & Rawson, 2010). Along these lines, Vaughn and Rawson (2012) found that memory for target information memory was better when participants generated three wrong guesses rather than one during trial-and-error study trials, a result which they interpreted in terms of this mediator-based account.
Destination Memory for Self-Related Information: When I Tell Elvis Presley about My Favorite Food
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Mohamad El Haj, Philippe Allain, Leslie DEBont, André Ndobo
One limitation of our study was that younger participants performed near to ceiling levels on self-related information; this limitation can be overcome by increasing the number of stimuli. Another suggestion for future research would be to consider self-related destination. Although testing destinations that are highly familiar (e.g., family members, friends) for each participant is experimentally challenging, it would be of interest to investigate whether older adults demonstrate better memory for highly familiar destinations. Memory for highly familiar destinations in older adults can also be compared with that of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, as these patients tend to be redundant (i.e., they tend to tell the same information to the same destination) even with family members. Another concern regarding our procedures is that we did not counterbalance the order of presentation of faces between the two conditions and, thus, the differences between the two conditions might be associated with the effect of the different faces. However, in our experimental protocol, we were careful to use faces with similar technical characteristics (e.g., brightness, resolution). Regardless of this technical aspect, one limitation of our procedures might be that the self-related condition required generation of information, whereas the semantic condition only involved repeating a phrase (i.e., no generation, shallower processing). Thus, our findings can be, somehow, attributed to a generation effect. Future research can thus replicate our study by controlling for confounding variables such as the generation effect.
Associations between self-generated strategy use and MET-Home performance in adults with stroke
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Suzanne P. Burns, Deirdre R. Dawson, Jaimee D. Perea, Asha K. Vas, Noralyn Davel Pickens, Carlos Marquez de la Plata, Marsha Neville
Strategy generation may be useful for improving functional performance of various tasks for persons with impaired executive function. Toglia and colleagues (2012) describe cognitive strategies as a “mental plan of action that helps a person to learn, problem solve, and perform and that the use of cognitive strategies can improve an individual’s learning, problem solving, and task performance in terms of efficiency, speed, accuracy, and consistency”. Furthermore, the researchers posit that all persons, with or without executive function impairments, use strategies to manage everyday task although they may be without awareness of using the said strategies. In an exploratory study by Bottari and colleagues (2014), adults with traumatic brain injury that strategically integrated a greater variety of self-generated strategies had better performance on an unstructured ecologically-valid shopping task. The generation effect is a phenomenon that suggests self-generated information has a greater likelihood of being remembered than information provided by simply reading it or it being produced by others (Bertsch, Pesta, Wiscott, & McDaniel, 2007; Chiaravalloti & DeLuca, 2002; Goverover, Chiaravalloti, & DeLuca, 2010) and may be particularly important for self-generated strategy use in persons with impaired executive function (Foster, Spence, & Toglia, 2018; Toglia, Goverover, Johnston, & Dain, 2011).
Risk Factors for High Myopia in Koreans: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Ho Sik Hwang, Min Young Chun, Jin Sun Kim, Bumjo Oh, Sang Ho Yoo, Bum-Joo Cho
The present study examined the risk factors of high myopia in the general Korean population using the whole ophthalmological dataset of the KNHANES. In this study, we focused on revealing risk factors, and thus, only included participants aged 25–49 years to minimize the effect of refractive change due to cataract and aging. This constriction could also help reduce the generation effect.15 In these selected participants, we explored the potential risk factors of high myopia comprehensively, and identified age, female sex, high education level, sunlight exposure time, the presence of hypertension, and serum level of 25(OH)D and glucose in the final model. It must also be noted that the right eyes are more myopic than the left eyes.