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Understanding sexual assault disclosure
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Bridget Jules, Emma C. Lathan, C. Austin Coates, Rachel Crisler
Traditional gender roles characterize the behaviors and traits that men and women should exhibit to exemplify socially defined masculine and feminine ideals. Traditional gender roles for men include being assertive, head of household, and lacking emotion, while traditional gender roles for women include being passive, domestic, and emotional. Endorsement of these roles is linked with rape attributions. For example, masculine sex-typed males typically endorse more rape-supportive attitudes than androgynous males; gender-stereotypical males also consider stranger rape as more serious than acquaintance rape (Quackenbush, 1989). Likewise, among college students, males and those holding traditional gender role beliefs consistently endorse more rape supportive attitudes and hold negative stereotypes about rape (Talbot et al., 2010).
Gender Dysphoria in Children and Young People
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Hannah Stynes, Martin McColl, Ellis Kennedy
For children, there is predominantly a focus on asserted beliefs and behaviours related to gender identity, e.g. displaying strong preferences for clothing, toys, gender roles, playmates of the other gender. In adolescents, the criteria chiefly reflect the expression of desires, e.g. to be of the other gender, to be treated as such, to be rid of sex characteristics in favour of those aligned to the experienced gender, recognising a more mature cognitive development in older children. This classification locates adolescent gender identity with adult gender identity, implicitly acknowledging the profound impact that the physical and emotional changes of puberty can have on the lives of children as they move into the years of evident sexual maturation.
Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Experience and Consequences of Crowding
Published in J.-C. Lasry, J. Adair, K. Dion, Latest Contributions to Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Individuals who have little control over environmental stressors and who have few resources to cope with them may be especially susceptible to their aversive consequences. The poor, women, elderly, and children are included in this vulnerable category. Because of their generally lower status and lessor power, particularly in traditional societies, women would also be expected to react more negatively than men to environmental stressors. Cultures differ with respect to expectations about gender roles. Because of the nature of the traditional Indian household (Sinha, 1988), it was expected that husbands would have more perceived control than would wives, a discrepancy that might explain other differences between spouses within a household. Gender differences in psychological traits are generally greater when there are greater differences in the roles of men and women, and role differences appear to be greater among the Muslims than among non-Muslims (Williams, Best, Hague, Pandey, & Verma, 1982). In typical households, particularly in villages, women are responsible for cooking, housekeeping, and taking care of children, as well as helping the men in other work. Women spend more time with others in the household, and therefore, should be more aware of the costs of high density levels, although they may also enjoy high levels of affiliation.
Perspectives of Dutch women on premenstrual disorder. A qualitative study exploring women’s experiences
Published in European Journal of General Practice, 2023
Marijke S. Labots-Vogelesang, Rachel Kooiman-Andringa, Theodora A. M. Teunissen, Antoine L. M. Lagro-Janssen
All women included in this study experienced PMD as a great burden in their daily social life. The psychological symptoms of PMD in particular affected their identity, ranging from persistent distress to suicidal thoughts. This is consistent with findings of studies among patients with chronic or recurrent illnesses who face identity changes because of their illness [4,5,21,22]. Women with PMD in our study are more worried about their role as mothers and partners than about their well-being. These identity changes, therefore, are particularly contingent upon their socially constructed female identity. Relationships with other people are an important aspect of this socially constructed female identity, and for women, this involves greater sensitivity to and connection with other people [23]. What standards and gender stereotypes women will be taught and shown during their socialisation process depends on the times in which they grow up and the subcultures in which they move. In a gender-stereotyped representation, women are supposed to be caring, empathic and kind, and women who deviate from this norm, particularly in their motherhood, experience this as their failing as mothers. Gender roles can produce a lot of stress. In the female gender role, such stress is created by fear of being physically unattractive and by fear of self-assertive behaviour [24].
Disclosure Experiences for Transgender and Nonbinary Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2023
Because LGBT survivors rarely fit into the heteronormative and cisnormative categories necessary to adopt this narrative, this formula story silences LGBT survivors (Erbaugh, 2007; Everhart & Hunnicutt, 2013; Goldberg & White, 2011). Through an explicit focus on heterosexual couples, the formula story of IPV ignores violence amongst couples in same-gender relationships, even though same-gender couples are estimated to experience IPV at similar rates to different-gender couples (Erbaugh, 2007; Guadalupe-Diaz, 2013). Also, by focusing on a survivorship associated with cisgender, feminine vulnerability, individuals whose gender does not align with their sex assigned at birth or do not express such clearly defined gender roles report feeling unable to speak out about their experiences (Everhart & Hunnicutt, 2013; Guadalupe-Diaz & Jasinski, 2017; Loseke, 2001).
Eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine: an overview of risks and recommendations for treatment and early intervention
Published in Eating Disorders, 2022
Marita Cooper, Erin E. Reilly, Jaclyn A. Siegel, Kathryn Coniglio, Shiri Sadeh-Sharvit, Emily M. Pisetsky, Lisa M. Anderson
As well as external drivers of stress, individuals may also be triggered by threats to normative gender roles during stressful events. Considering that masculine gender roles commonly value self-reliance, pursuit of status, and importance of work/financial success, COVID-related adverse life events may be specifically challenging for men who have internalized masculine ideals. During the SARS outbreak, men reported lower life satisfaction and were more likely to develop a psychological disorder, compared to women in similar situations (Main et al., 2011; Mihashi et al., 2009). These findings may also extend to disordered eating, as the masculinity hypothesis of disordered eating proposes that internalized masculinity contributes to muscularity-oriented disordered eating and exercise or even muscle dysmorphia (Frederick et al., 2017; Griffiths et al., 2015). Similarly, women encouraged to increasingly confirm to feminine norms during this stressful period may be drawn toward the thin ideal, resulting in increased eating disordered attitudes and behaviors (Mahalik et al., 2005; Mensinger et al., 2007). And with increased pressure to fulfill traditionally feminine duties and communal roles, while potentially working from home and homeschooling children (Graves, 2020), these heightened and competing demands may also be to the detriment of perfectionistic tendencies and productivity during this time (also see “Perfectionistic Expectations”).