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Changing the Paradigm from Neurochemical to Neuroelectrical Models
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
The first traditional 4-Hz band is the delta frequency from 0.5 to 4Hz. Delta waves are predominant during sleep, which is a restorative rest state for the brain. However, if excessively present during waking states, delta can interfere with cognitive and emotional processing. The theta frequency band extends from 4 to 8Hz. It is dominant when we enter into the pre-sleep hypnogogic, dream-like state. We can also enter into this trance-like state while daydreaming or undergoing hypnotherapy. It is the default resting frequency for the prefrontal cortex. Problems arise when there is too high theta (and delta) amplitude pre-frontally. This condition can give rise to distractibility, an inability to focus or pay attention, and poor inhibitory control – all characteristics most often associated with attention deficit disorder (ADHD).
Attention
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Psychiatric disorders: as in cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dissociative disorders, depression, and in mania which causes distractibility (the patient gives attention to every passing stimulus).
The Distracted Couple
Published in Len Sperry, Katherine Helm, Jon Carlson, The Disordered Couple, 2019
While a full diagnosis of adult ADHD does not always persist from childhood ADHD, many adults continue to be impacted by ADHD into their early, middle, and even late adulthood. Kessler et al. (2006) estimated that residual symptoms of ADHD might persist into adulthood for up to 4 or 5% of individuals who had the condition as children or adolescents. Thus, while ADHD is common in childhood and adolescence, it sometimes persists into adulthood. Symptoms of adult ADHD usually involve inattention, procrastination, impulsivity, and distractibility. Hyperactivity may be present, but it occurs less often in adults.
Attention Problems and Comorbid Symptoms following Child Sexual Abuse
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2020
Akemi E. Mii, Kelsey McCoy, Hannah M. Coffey, Katie Meidlinger, Emily Sonnen, T. Zachary Huit, Mary Fran Flood, David J. Hansen
While ADHD is a relatively common diagnosis in childhood regardless of CSA history, symptoms associated with ADHD may be a long-term consequence of CSA (Glod & Teicher, 1996; Mullers & Dowling, 2008). Additionally, research has shown that CSA experiences may exacerbate preexisting ADHD symptoms – specifically in areas of impulse control, attention, stress management, and problem-solving abilities (Ford et al., 2000). Research has suggested that an ADHD diagnosis may serve as a risk factor for developing PTSD (Biederman et al., 2013). However, it should be noted that there is a bidirectional association between PTSD and ADHD (Spencer et al., 2016). Additionally, indications of ADHD symptomology as a consequence of CSA may result from a misdiagnosis of ADHD when PTSD should be the primary diagnosis (Szymanski et al., 2011). This misdiagnosis may be attributed to an overlap in symptomology for ADHD and PTSD in children. This overlap in symptoms can be seen for the inattentive (e.g., distractibility, avoidance of particular activities, attentional difficulties) and hyperactive subtypes (e.g., restless, fidgeting, hypervigilant; Ford et al., 2000). Thus, a child’s response to trauma may be misinterpreted as a child struggling with ADHD symptoms. However, there are significant risks associated with misdiagnosing a child with ADHD when PTSD is the proper diagnosis as this only treats a subset of the child’s symptoms, does not prompt trauma-informed treatment, and can lead to inappropriate use of medication.
Empirical structure of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder traits in Arabic-speaking Algerian culture
Published in International Journal of Mental Health, 2020
Bo Bach, Fares Zine El Abiddine
Notably, consistent with PID-5-BF findings by Anderson et al. (2016) we found item 19 (attention seeking) to show the weakest CFA loading on its expected domain (i.e., Antagonism), possibly because it is not a primary feature of this domain, and therefore could be revised accordingly. Moreover, consistent with the PID-5-BF loading patterns identified by Fossati et al. (2017), we also found inadequate EFA loadings for item 4 (depressivity), item 6 (distractibility), and item 11 (perseveration) suggesting that these features are not substantially associated with any particular domain. Accordingly, as generally observed across previous PID-5 studies (Watters & Bagby, 2018), features of depressivity may cross-load on Negative Affectivity and Detachment, distractibility may cross-load on Disinhibition, Negative Affectivity, and Psychoticism, whereas perseveration may cross-load on Negative Affectivity and Psychoticism. Consequently, to support cross-cultural replicability in future research, features of depressivity, perseveration, attention seeking, and distractibility may not be appropriate to include in the operationalization of higher-order DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait domains.
Bipolar depression: the clinical characteristics and unmet needs of a complex disorder
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Roger S. McIntyre, Joseph R. Calabrese
Differentiating ADHD and bipolar disorder is complicated by similarities between the disorders including early age of onset, reciprocal comorbidity, similar psychiatric comorbidities, chronic course and persistence into adulthood; both disorders are also associated with impaired educational, occupational and interpersonal functioning, and increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood94. Clinical differentiation is most challenging when ADHD is comorbid with conduct disorder and/or oppositional defiant disorder, since the presenting symptoms (e.g. temper tantrum, aggressive behavior) can overlap with symptoms of a manic or mixed state. In uncomplicated cases, the appearance of prominent mood dysregulation, sleep irregularities and aggressive behaviors are more likely to predict a diagnosis of bipolar disorder than ADHD, especially if there is impulsive behavior associated with spending money, sex, or tobacco, alcohol or drug use94. Conversely, fidgeting, restlessness, and inefficient and disorganized behaviors arising from inattentiveness, distractibility and forgetfulness, often suggest ADHD.