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Is caffeine a drug of dependence? criteria and comparisons
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Stephen J. Heishman, Jack E. Henningfield
In two-choice drug discrimination studies, subjects are trained to make one response in the presence of the drug and a different response in the presence of placebo; three-choice studies add a second training drug condition. Subsequent generalization testing can identify those drugs that share discriminative stimulus effects with the training drug, producing drug-appropriate responding, and those that do not, producing placebo-appropriate responding. Drugs that can be successfully discriminated from placebo during training are defined as psychoactive and thus meet one of the essential criteria for drugs of dependence.10 The nature of a drug’s discriminative stimulus effects can be determined by whether it occasions drug- or placebo-appropriate responding. The discriminative stimulus effects of caffeine have been examined as a training drug and as a test drug during generalization testing.
Novel psychoactive substances and inhalants
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Studies have considered the nature of the acute effects of volatile organic solvents and their abuse potential by comparing their actions in animal models to those of classical CNS depressant drugs, such as the barbiturates, benzodiazepines and ethanol. Like other abused CNS depressants, selected inhalants (e.g., toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) have been shown to have biphasic effects on motor activity. They disrupt psychomotor performance, have anticonvulsant effects, produce biphasic drug-like effects on rates of schedule-controlled operant behaviour, increase rates of punished responding, enhance the effects of depressant drugs, serve as reinforcers in self-administrative studies, and share discriminative stimulus effects with barbiturates and ethanol (Rees et al., 1987; Evans and Balster, 1991; Balster et al., 1997).
Pediatric Lifestyle Medicine
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Jonathan R. Miller, Richard Boles, Stephen R. Daniels
Stimulus control can be a powerful way to influence behavior. Under strong stimulus control, the behavior may not occur unless the discriminative stimulus is present, such that the occurrence of behavior can be changed by altering when or how often the discriminative stimuli are presented. For example, when watching television, viewers are frequently presented advertisements for energy-dense foods, which signal that these items are available for going to the sponsoring restaurant, and the more frequently these advertisements are seen, the more likely that individual is to consume that or similarly energy-dense food.31
A treatment comparison study of a photo activity schedule and Social Stories for teaching social skills to children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: brief report
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Sabrina D Daneshvar, Marjorie H. Charlop, Debra Berry Malmberg
During the intervention phase, the experimenter read the Social Story to the participant (except during Fiona’s sessions, who read her own story out loud). The experimenter assessed comprehension of the story by asking three questions relating to the story (e.g., “what is this story about?,” “what are you supposed to do?,” and “how will your friends feel if you do?”). As in baseline, the participant was then observed for 5 min to see if they engaged in the target behavior. The experimenter provided the discriminative stimulus specific to the child’s target behavior once every minute. To control the number of learning opportunities across intervention conditions, for two participants (Fiona and Mark), the Social Story was read once every minute during this 5-min session to match the photo steps program; for the other two participants, the Social Story was read once at the beginning of the 5-min session, which is standard Social Story protocol.
Self-Management in Organizational Behavior Management
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2022
Rachael Ferguson, Lauren Rivera
The second reason to manipulate antecedents is to promote positive behavior change. One way an antecedent can promote desired behavior is through acting as a discriminative stimulus. A discriminative stimulus signals access to reinforcement for specific responses when present, and in its absence, responses of the same type will not be reinforced (Cooper et al., 2007). As mentioned, self-management involves increasing or decreasing a target behavior to reach a goal (Hickman & Geller, 2005). Goals have been conceptualized behaviorally as stimuli that come before a behavior and if achieving one’s goal generates positive reinforcement, the goal is said to have discriminative control over the behavior (Fellner & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1984).
Using Prompts and Feedback to Reduce Illegal Parking in a University Parking Lot
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2020
Michael Clayton, Teresa Tran, Kelcee Rowlett
Any application of feedback engenders discussion of its role and function in behavior change procedures. Feedback is frequently reported to be effective but the behavioral mechanisms responsible for the change remain poorly understood. It has been suggested that feedback may function similarly to a) a reinforcer or punisher (Slowiak, Dickinson, & Huitema, 2011), b) an instruction (Catania, 1998), c) a discriminative stimulus (Duncan & Bruwelheide, 1985), d) a rule (Haas & Hayes, 2006), e) a conditioned reinforcer (Hayes, Kohlenberg, & Hayes, 1991), and f) a motivational (Johnson, 2013) or establishing stimulus (Duncan & Bruwelheide, 1985).