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Act for Recovery
Published in Sandra Rasmussen, Developing Competencies for Recovery, 2023
Clinical application of behavioral psychology followed, especially the use of behavior modification in the 1940s and 1950s. Behavior modification relies on many principles of behavioral psychology including reinforcement, punishment, extinction shaping, fading, and chaining. Later in the 1950s, American psychologist Albert Ellis created rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). REBT is an action-oriented approach to managing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. REBT influenced the development of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) by Aaron Beck in the1960s (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) by Marsha Linehan in the 1970s, and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) by Steven C. Hayes in the 1980s. Key concepts from behavioral psychology that are used in behavioral therapies include systematic desensitization, exposure and response prevention, token economy, modeling, applied behavior analysis, and contingency management.
Animals in psychological research
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
The rat's task can be made more complex by, say, making food available if a light is on but not when the light is off. The rat will learn to lever-press when it is light but not when dark, thereby showing a discrimination between light and dark: the light therefore becomes an Antecedent to the rat's behaviour. The sequence of antecedent : Behaviour : Consequence, correctly called a three-term contingency, which emerged from Skinner's experimental analysis of behaviour, provides the framework for the development of applied behaviour analysis. Applied behaviour analysis uses the principles of learning to change behaviours such as delinquency, educational attainment, and mental and physical health (Fisher, Piazza, & Roane, 2013).
Sexual offending in people with learning disabilities
Published in Tim Riding, Caron Swann, Bob Swann, Colin Dale, The Handbook of Forensic Learning Disabilities, 2021
Once all aspects of the assessment have been completed, the final task is to organise relevant information into a usable format. This has been referred to as formulation. Nezu et al. have presented a clinical decision-making flowchart as a means of arriving at a formulation, which they describe as a visual depiction to guide case conceptualisation and treatment planning.33 Murphy also employs a form of flowchart to facilitate the process of formulation,49 whereas other authors have drawn on well-established techniques, borrowed from the province of applied behaviour analysis, to assist them.23,31 Here assessment data are organised into setting conditions, triggers, actions and results (the STAR approach), with a view to then identifying and prioritising treatment targets. However, regardless of which method of formulation is utilised, the process is incidental to the outcome, namely the basis of a structured treatment plan.
The Use of a Pictorially Enhanced Self-Instruction Packet to Improve Weekly Time Sheet Completion in an ABA Clinic
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2023
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased steadily over recent years (Maenner et al., 2020) which in turn has increased the need for effective therapeutic interventions. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been repeatedly demonstrated as one of the most effective therapeutic treatments for ASD and other developmental disabilities (Makrygianni et al., 2018; Virués-Ortega, 2010). ABA’s effectiveness, coupled with the rise in ASD, has led to increased coverage by insurance companies and other funders to cover the costs of ABA treatment for ASD (Trump & Ayres, 2019). With the increases in insurance coverage for ABA also comes additional documentation requirements for services provided. Examples of such documentation include session notes, progress reports, and records of billing. In addition to funder requirements, accurate session notes and billing records are ethical requirements for Board Certified Behavior Analysts® (BCBAs) and Registered Behavior Technicians® (RBTs) by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (2020, 2018).
Board certified behavior analysts and school fidelity of Applied Behavior Analysis services: qualitative findings
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Several ideas have been proposed regarding why implementation fidelity and intervention integrity are not being met consistently. ABA is based upon technical language that can prevent successful implementation when jargon is used without ensuring that all trainees understand the terms being used (Cihon et al. 2016). Behaviorist perspectives, including the philosophies that underlie ABA, are often described as being at odds with humanistic perspectives (Shyman 2016). This has been cited by some as a primary reason that ABA procedures are not being carried out in schools, as some teachers and parents prefer more humanistic neurodiverse strategies over ABA, which they perceive as lacking in methodology that prioritizes student consent and choice (Pantazakos 2019). A pervading myth regarding ABA is that reinforcement is the same as bribing kids with candy, which is derived from the use of food as a primary reinforcer (Arntzen et al.2010). While food is sometimes used as reinforcement in ABA, reinforcement is by no means bribery or only the use of food as reinforcement.
Using Prompts and Feedback to Reduce Illegal Parking in a University Parking Lot
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2020
Michael Clayton, Teresa Tran, Kelcee Rowlett
Of course, parking citations can be either a high- or low-probability consequence and the relative size (or magnitude) varies as well. That is, not every instance of illegal parking results in a parking citation. Parking citations may not be effective if students are running late and the momentary value-altering effect of a closer parking space increases the likelihood of risking a low probability of punishment in exchange for a high probability of reward. In this case, the negative reinforcement of avoiding the consequences associated with being late to class may exert more control than the punishment for parking illegally. This situation may result in more probability discounting (Kaplan, Reed, & Jarmolowicz, 2016), where the subjective value of an outcome is devalued as the likelihood of the occurrence of that outcome decreases. Low probability punishers are common in society and family life, but the use of punishment has generally been avoided in applied behavior analysis due to the considerable risks associated with its use (Hineline & Rosales-Ruiz, 2013).