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Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Arousal–cost–reward model.Biological altruism.Diffusion of responsibility.Empathy-altruism hypothesis.Genuine ambiguity.Negative-state relief model.Pluralistic ignorance.Psychological altruism.Reciprocity norm.Universal egoism.
Health Care in Prisons *
Published in Andrew Stevens, James Raftery, Jonathan Mant, Sue Simpson, Health Care Needs Assessment, 2018
Tom Marshall, Sue Simpson, Andrew Stevens
The care programme approach is a standardised system which can incorporate statutory aftercare or other arrangements such as supervision orders or care management by social services. It is based on a multidisciplinary approach to care, but to avoid diffusion of responsibility a single key worker is identified as the lead person involved in care. The key worker has overall responsibility for overseeing and monitoring the services provided under the care plan. Alongside this a detailed and systematic assessment of the individual patient’s needs is carried out, together with regular reviewing and recording of the care and support given. This should involve the patient and relevant informal carers wherever possible. Specific responsibilities are allocated to specific people (health and social services professionals and informal carers) involved in care. Care is planned on a proactive basis, in an attempt to anticipate problems, and is reviewed as circumstances change.
Competence and professional development
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
Health and social care professionals may be reluctant to respond appropriately due to the lack of adequate preparation and negative attitudes towards substance misusers. Social prejudice, negative attitudes and stereotyped perceptions of substance misusers (Rassool 1998; Selleck and Redding 1998; Lock et al. 2002; Vadlamudi et al. 2008; Tsai et al. 2010; Lacey 2011) and dual diagnosis patients (Williams 1999) are held widely amongst health care professionals and this may lead to minimal care being given to this population. Studies support that the development of a more positive and non-judgmental attitude, confidence and skills in identifying and working with substance misuse and related problems may be partly related to the provision of education and training. However, much professional education and training reinforces the view that dealing with substance misuse is the job of a specialist (Rassool 19932000). In the case of patients with co-occurring disorders the responsibility for health and social care provisions are being shifted from one discipline to another and this “diffusion of responsibility” is all too apparent (Rassool 2006).
‘I had nothing. It’s just life experience that helped me through that situation’: Australian audiologists’ perspectives on audiological clinical practice for traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Bojana Šarkić, Jacinta. M. Douglas, Andrea Simpson
Contextually, the management of post-traumatic hearing loss coupled with likely TBI related comorbidities and multi-morbidities requires a multidisciplinary approach (11,12,25,59,60). Despite the cited diffusion of responsibility, and the lack of a strong interdisciplinary involvement (i.e., between audiology and other allied health professions) several participants discussed the importance of a comprehensive multidisciplinary team approach in the care of patients with TBI. It is further important to consider the consequences of the traditional ‘cold referral’ process, whereby patients are provided with information relating to another service/agency. Such a referral places a significant onus on the patient to not only coordinate and actively pursue the recommended service but also requires the patient to relieve their negative experience and re-communicate their needs (58). Alternatively, a warm referral could see audiologists contact the specific service on the patients’ behalf, explaining the circumstances. While an absence of a current coordinated professional team approach exists, it is an encouraging finding that participants highlighted the need for such improvement relating to interdisciplinary communication and approaches in the care of patients with TBI.
Proactive flight safety – a feasibility study on optimal use of flight data monitoring and incident reports in an airline
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Overall, the departments have different perspectives on what constitutes a risk. The process with which the reports are handled is rigid; incoming reports are not classified according to urgency and cannot be placed in another category, even when they should be. Besides, it is problematic (possibly overly simplistic) and time consuming to look for one ‘root cause’ in every matter, rather than to look for patterns. A lack of interconnectivity is exemplified by the fact that all staff members in key positions do not have access to the right software and have to come up with their own solutions (e.g., using spreadsheets). There is an overall diffusion of responsibility with the incident report system. It takes, on average, 172 days to get a reply on a written report, which obviously does not reinforce report-writing behaviour. For change to occur, many reports of the same kind are required for the company to allocate the financial resources.
Key drivers of social accountability in nine Canadian medical schools*
Published in Medical Teacher, 2021
Erin Walling, Eric Lachance, Lisa Yeo, Kira Koepke, Adrienne Wasik, Robert Woollard
This study began the year the new accreditation standard for social accountability was implemented in site visits across Canadian medical schools. At the time of the interviews, only a few schools had completed an accreditation site visit with the new standard, some were close to a visit, while others were several years away from their next formal accreditation review. The influence of the new standard was consistently noted in interviews as a driver of social accountability. The impact of the new accreditation standard is evident in the themes and examples that emerged. Future studies may want to explore how proximity of accreditation site visits influences the rate of growth in social accountability and monitor how future changes to standards alter the social accountability landscape in Canada and the international community. Future research in this area could also explore whether formal structure or the intentional diffusion of responsibility without a formal structure has been more successful in advancing the work of social accountability.