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Healing at Fann Hospital
Published in Alice Bullard, Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal, 2022
Yet starting in the 1960s, research led by Norman Sartorious at the World Health Organization (WHO) undertook the creation of a systematized, universal language for mental health diagnosis and treatment. This campaign for international psychiatry has enjoyed many successes, and has positioned a newly universalized language of psychiatric care as the accredited, scientific medium (De Girolamo Girolamo et al. 1989, but see criticism by Kleinman 1987; Watters 2010). A new orthodoxy, this time geared toward the needs of “universal scientific research and a universal language of psychiatry” (and, within the global marketplace, of the pharmaceutical industries and insurance companies) replaced the imperial orthodoxy of French supremacy. The DSM-III was first published in 1980 (Kirk and Kutchin 1992). The international classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, known more commonly as the ICD 10, appeared in 1992 (Jablensky 1999). Efforts at the Fann Hospital and the resurgence of traditional healing challenged this post-colonial, globalized, techno-scientific hegemony.
Functional GI Disorders
Published in Kevin W. Olden, Handbook of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2020
It is also important to standardize the selection of patients for clinical trials. In previous studies with IBS, mixed patient samples (e.g., combining those with predominant diarrhea with those having predominant constipation) increased the likelihood that a medication (e.g., to control diarrhea) would not be effective (9). Symptom-based criteria allow patient groups to be targeted to the predicted effects of the treatment (i.e., to treat diarrhea or constipation). Within psychiatry, there is evidence that panic disorder is clinically distinct from generalized anxiety, and is more closely linked to depression, even though anxiety is common to both disorders. Therefore, these disorders are classified separately in DSM-IV. Using these criteria, it was found that patients with panic disorder respond better to antidepressants than patients with generalized anxiety.
Expanding medicine
Published in Kevin Dew, Public Health, Personal Health and Pills, 2018
Diagnostic inflation is another means of enhancing medicalisation; it refers to the expansion of categories of diagnosable conditions. This process is easily observable in mental health. An influential factor in mental health diagnoses is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, shortened to the DSM. First published in 1952, the DSM is regarded by many health professionals as an authoritative guide for the diagnosis of mental illness (American Psychiatric Association 1952). Over the years there have been a number of iterations of the manual, and with each iteration there is an expansion of categories. In 1968, in DSM-II, there were 180 categories of mental disorder listed; by 1994 in the DSM-IV this had expanded to over 350 categories (American Psychiatric Association 1968, 1994).
Finding Hope in Decreasing the Stigma of Mental Illness
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Grinker’s book carefully traces the history of the stigma of mental illness as it has been influenced by the industrial revolution, capitalism, war, racism, and medicalization of mental illness. With regard to the latter, the number of diagnostic categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders steadily increased from 193 categories in DSM-II in 1968 to 541 diagnoses in DSM-5 in 2013 (Blashfield et al., cited in Grinker, 2021). Categories were rigid, with defining criteria that were well familiar to the readers of this journal who were required to supply insurance companies with the appropriate labels for their clients (e.g., paranoid schizophrenia, 295.3). But now the heterogeneity of mental illnesses is recognized, and the major diagnoses have been reconceptualized as spectrum disorders (schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar spectrum). Some of the old labels have gone away completely (hysteria, homosexuality, neurasthenia). There is greater acceptance of neurodiversity.
Dissociative Symptoms are Highly Prevalent in Adults with Narcolepsy Type 1
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Laury Quaedackers, Hal Droogleever Fortuyn, Merel Van Gilst, Martijn Lappenschaar, Sebastiaan Overeem
In this study we used the DSM-IV-TR criteria to assess the presence of dissociative disorders. The DSM-IV-TR was replaced by the DSM-5 in 2013, so the new system was not yet available during data collection. However, since the purpose of this study is to emphasize the presence of dissociative symptoms rather than diagnosis, in patients with narcolepsy, the precise diagnostic classification system is less relevant. Also, given the adult age of the narcolepsy patients included in this study, we have no information about the prevalence of dissociative symptoms in children or adolescents with narcolepsy. Another issue which could be addressed in future prospective studies is the lack of polysomnographic data and detailed information about the dose and timing of medication. While some studies have suggested an association between sleep deprivation or sleep fragmentation and the occurrence of dissociative symptoms, our data did not suffice to either confirm or refute this hypothesis. Future research could employ a prospective design with detailed registration of medication use and new technologies to monitor sleep architecture over longer time periods and correlate this to the presence of dissociative symptoms. Future studies could also consider contrasting narcolepsy type 1 versus type 2 with respect to the presence of dissociative symptoms, to gain more insight in the specific role of hypocretin deficiency. Assessing relation with the severity or frequency of cataplexy would need a longitudinal follow up design which would not be easy, but very interesting.
The Oxford Handbook of Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
The chapter deftly and concisely introduces pioneers of the early Gay Liberation perspective, including contributions of Evelyn Hooker, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyons, using excellent historical references. A particularly compelling section describes the history of the removal of homosexuality from the DSM-II by the American Psychiatric Association, followed by LGBT affirmative policy statements by the American Psychological Association. In my view, there is a bit too much emphasis on the role of the American Psychological Association, rather than sharing credit with other significant professional organizations such as the American Counseling Association. This is mitigated by the scope of the chapter, including discussions of national and international themes, such as consensual sexual relationships, hate crimes, same-sex marriage, US military service, housing, employment, and refugee issues.