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The Intention–Behavior Gap
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Mark D. Faries, Wesley C. Dudgeon
However, as with any plan, problems will be encountered, and strategies are needed to invest conscious effort for the purpose of solving problems or responding to perceived discrepancies in behavior. So, in relation to HAPA and implementation-intention strategies, coping planning takes place when an individual imagines a scenario that may hinder them in performing an intended behavior. Coping planning is making a plan that anticipates difficulties or barriers that might hinder the patient’s implementation of their intentions to live a healthy lifestyle.26,27 A coping planning statement might look like, “If it is raining or too cold in the morning, then I will go to the gym instead of jogging in the neighborhood.”
Theoretical implications and applications for understanding and changing concussion-related behaviors
Published in Gordon A. Bloom, Jeffrey G. Caron, Psychological Aspects of Sport-Related Concussions, 2019
Emilie Michalovic, Jeffrey G. Caron, Shane N. Sweet
The health action process approach (HAPA) model is comprised of two main phases: motivational and volitional (Schwarzer, 2008). In the motivational phase, outcome expectations, action self-efficacy, and risk perception are predictors of intentions. In the volitional phase, action planning, coping planning, maintenance self-efficacy, and recovery self-efficacy are determinants of behavior. One benefit of HAPA is that it was designed to overcome the intention-behavior gap (Schwarzer, 2008). Specifically, action and coping planning are hypothesized to help individuals translate their intentions to perform a behavior into actually performing a behavior. Action planning is the process of creating a specific plan that details when a person will perform a certain behavior, where they will perform the behavior, what they will do, and for how long. Coping planning involves creating specific plans to overcome foreseeable barriers to performing the behavior (see the examples in Figure 6.1).
Health Promotion
Published in Rupa S. Valdez, Richard J. Holden, The Patient Factor, 2021
The Health Action Process Approach divides patient self-regulated health promotion behavior into a pre-intentional phase (i.e. how individuals become motivated to change the behavior) and a post-intentional phase (i.e. how to maintain and regulate the behavior) (Schwarzer et al., 2011; Sniehotta et al., 2005). In the pre-intentional phase, action self-efficacy (i.e. how well people think they can carry out the health behavior), outcome expectancy (i.e. the expected consequences of adopting the behavior), and risk perceptions of the threats for not adopting this health behavior jointly affect the formation of intention. Once intention is stabilized, people then enter the post-intentional phase to decide where and when to adopt the new behavior. In order to translate the intention to behavior, there is a planning process. Planning includes (1) conducting detailed action planning to form the mental model to carry out the behavior (Lippke et al., 2004), and (2) coping planning, which is a self-regulatory process to avoid relapse for the prolonged pursuit of goals (Lippke et al., 2004; Schwarzer, 1999). Volitional, maintenance, and recovery self-efficacy (i.e. perceived competence to start the new behavior, continue the new behavior, and avoid relapse) jointly affect the planning process (Schwarzer & Renner, 2000). Compared to the Transtheoretical Model, the Health Action Process Approach proposed the “planning” process which is critical to fill out the intention-behavior gap. The Health Action Process Approach has shown some success to explain the adoption and long-term maintenance of health promotion behavior (e.g. rehabilitation, PA, lifestyle change) among various populations (e.g. patients with chronic illness, obesity and multiple sclerosis, pregnant women) (Chiu et al., 2011; Gaston & Prapavessis, 2014; Parschau et al., 2014; Schwarzer et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2019).
Physical symptoms and sleep disturbances activate coping strategies among HIV-infected Asian Americans: a pathway analysis
Published in AIDS Care, 2021
Feifei Huang, Wei-Ti Chen, Cheng-Shi Shiu, Wenxiu Sun, Abigail Radaza, Lance Toma, Binh Vinh Luu, Judy Ah-Yune
Coping strategies can help PLHIV effectively manage their HIV-related discomforts (Finkelstein-Fox et al., 2019). Coping strategies are often classified as either adaptive coping (including active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, religious adherence, seeking emotional support and social support as well as accepting the illness), and maladaptive coping (including self-distraction, coping with alcohol and substance use, and disengagement and denial of their illness) (Carver et al., 1989; Safren et al., 2002). Research on coping strategies among PLHIV have revealed that adaptive coping strategies are associated with better psychological outcomes that can decrease depression (Fauk et al., 2020), posttraumatic stress symptoms (Golub et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2017), and anxiety (Fekete et al., 2016; Willie et al., 2016). Adaptive coping has also been linked to elevated CD4 counts and viral load suppression (Earnshaw et al., 2018; Kremer et al., 2015). PLHIV who use adaptive coping strategies are more likely to adhere to ART (Guy et al., 2018; Poteat & Lassiter, 2019), use condoms more often (Evans et al., 2013), decrease substance use, and quit smoking (Skalski et al., 2019). In contrast, maladaptive coping strategies have been found to be associated with an increase in disease progression (Earnshaw et al., 2018), present with anxiety and depression (Seffren et al., 2018), as well as a high rate of risk behaviors and alcohol use (Wardell et al., 2018; Weiss et al., 2017).
Internalized Homophobia, Coping, and Quality of Life Among Nigerian Gay and Bisexual Men
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2020
Olakunle A. Oginni, Boladale M. Mapayi, Olusegun T. Afolabi, Chukwubueze Obiajunwa, Ibidunni O. Oloniniyi
The mean age of the study participants was 26.2 (± 4.13) years, and the majority (83.0%) had tertiary education (Table 1). A little over half (55.1%) were unemployed (including students), and only six (6.8%) were married (in heterosexual marriages). The domains of quality of life with the highest scores were physical health and psychological health (15.8 in both domains), while the least score was in social relationships. The overall mean internalized homophobia score was 3.3 (± 0.41); the dimension with the highest mean score was perception of stigma (3.8 ± 0.49), while moral and religious acceptability was the dimension with the lowest score (2.8 ± 0.50). The most commonly used coping strategies were positive reframing, active coping, planning, and acceptance (Figure 1), while the least used strategies were humor, substance use, self-distraction, venting, and self-blame.
The effects of an education program on hookah smoking cessation in university students: an application of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Hamid Joveini, Alireza Rohban, Hassan Eftekhar Ardebili, Tahereh Dehdari, Mina Maheri, Masoumeh Hashemian
Several studies have reported that coping planning can well predict performing healthy behaviors (Araújo-Soares, McIntyre, & Sniehotta, 2008; Pakpour et al., 2011; Scholz, Schüz, Ziegelmann, Lippke, & Schwarzer, 2008). Intervention programs are promising approaches to encourage individuals to develop coping strategies to deal with specific circumstances and difficulties while planning for cessation. Since hookah is usually served at public areas such as traditional restaurants, tea houses, cafes, and outdoor entertainment venues, the intenders should avoid such places in which the smoking urges are triggered. It seems that students with better coping strategies are more likely to resist the urge to smoke hookah. Evidence shows that identifying barriers and developing coping strategies protect individuals from returning to unhealthy behaviors (Larimer & Palmer, 1999).