China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Around pain
Published in Stephen Buetow, Rethinking Pain in Person-Centred Health Care, 2020
Hence, the ambience of the person, who is always in and of the world, is a brain-body-environment. It integrates internal elements, such as beliefs and feelings constitutive of the cognitive-affective processing system, with external elements such as the health care environment, physical properties of pharmaceuticals and social customs and meanings. The extended integration of internal and external elements creates a unitary structure from reciprocal interactions. This structure promotes fuzziness when it leads persons to base pain judgements, mainly at an intuitive level, on gist (bottom-line) representations, including the emotional meaning of experience. A fuzzy processing preference21 may then activate. The power of context effects, which persons may manipulate, is evident from awareness of receiving treatments or not.
Towards a behavioural health economics: the psychologist’s perspective
Published in David Kernick, Getting Health Economics into Practice, 2018
One possible response to this kind of study is to claim that framing and other context effects are only important when the situation is hypothetical. This is not the case - the differing effects of gains and losses can also be seen, for example, in the very real world of tax paying. Another response is to claim that these effects are trivial, only found in the psychology laboratory and that with experience they will disappear. Again, this is not true. Perhaps the most compelling demonstration of this is a recent study by Harbaugh et al.6 who show that children of all ages are just as susceptible to the endowment effect as adults - years of experience seem to make no difference at all. Health economists, therefore, have to take this kind of evidence seriously and develop theories and models that take context effects into account. They should also consider using the minimum sum people would accept (WTA) to give up something rather than using willingness to pay (WTP) in valuing the benefits of healthcare programmes, as the value as an avoided loss is best measured using WTA.
Internet surveys
Published in Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, Research Methods in Education, 2017
Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison
Toepel et al. (2009) suggest that account has to be taken of the ‘cognitive sophistication’ of the respondents, as those with less cognitive sophistication tend to be affected by contextual clues more than those with more cognitive sophistication. Context effects also occur when a particular item is affected by the items around it or which precede it, in effect providing cues for the respondent, or in which a particular mindset of responses is created in the respondent (Friedman and Amoo, 1999).
The Utility of the MMPI–2–RF Validity Scales in Detecting Underreporting
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2020
Tiffany A. Brown, Martin Sellbom
Another consideration in evaluating the utility of the L-r and K-r scale scores in detecting underreporting is their relative performance to two other MMPI–2–RF scales: EID and RCd. When comparing the standard instruction and underreporting groups, the EID and RCd scales were actually associated with larger effect size differences than the L-r and K-r scales. Thus, an argument could be made that EID and RCd should be used as validity scales themselves. However, there are at least two problems with this position. First, and most important, using substantive scales in this manner will not only confuse their substantive interpretation but it would also be very difficult to determine where substance has become response style. Because the L-r and K-r scales clearly work well for their purported purpose, there is no reason to augment them using substantive scales for this aim. The second problem concerns context effects. These scales functioned well because our instructions seemed to pull for such responding. In other contexts, individuals might be more apt to minimize behavioral problems rather than emotional symptoms; although L-r and K-r remain bound to perform well in such contexts, EID and RCd might not be as potent as, for instance, BXD and RC4.
In Memoriam: James R. Council, Ph.D., 1954-2019
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2019
Of note, Jim published a groundbreaking article examining the role of context effects in hypnosis research (Council et al., 1986). A context effect refers to the reactive effects of measuring different constructs as part of the same experiment. In this study, Jim and his colleagues administered a questionnaire assessing absorption and a measure of hypnotic suggestibility to participants in one of two ways. Some participants were administered the absorption questionnaire followed by the suggestibility scale as part of the same experiment. Other participants were given the measures of absorption and suggestibility in the guise of separate experiments. The correlation between absorption and suggestibility was significant only when the measures were administered as part of the same experiment and significantly larger than the correlation obtained when the measures were given in separate experimental contexts.
RECALLED PARENTAL REARING STYLE AND DIMENSIONS OF HYPNOTIC RESPONSE
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2019
András Költő, Emese Józsa, Éva I. Bányai
What may be the reason for the different correlational patterns across the two samples? First, the test suggestions of WSGC (e.g., dream, positive and negative hallucination, age regression) require higher cognitive and affective activity than those of HGSHS:A (which mostly tap into motor phenomena). A second possible explanation is that subjects in Sample 1 were somewhat younger (mean age was 24 years) than those in Sample 2 (with a mean age of 28 years). Although the four years of age difference does not seem high, it should be considered that the two groups’ recalling of their parents might have been different, due to maturity and maybe better understanding parenting. Third, the context effect—potentially emerging because the EMBU is administered before or after the hypnotizability assessment—may also contribute to the different patterns across the two samples (Council, 1993). Our findings are limited by the fact that administration order and type of hypnotizability scale is confounded. Future studies are needed to parse out potential context effect with systematically comparing associations if hypnotizability testing precedes or follows assessment of memories on parental behavior.