China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dementia
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Spontaneous speech during history-taking may have given some clues to linguistic function. The assessment of speech is discussed in Chapter 10. Language disturbance is a common component of AD but rarely features in subcortical dementias. Verbal fluency can be assessed by asking the patient to name as many items as they can in a one-minute period. This can be semantic lists (e.g. animals) or words beginning with a specific letter (e.g. ‘P'). Typical normal values for numbers of animals would be 18 or more. Acceptable values may be a little lower in older adults with 15 or more being reasonable over the age of 80. However, such verbal fluency tasks are not solely reliant on language skills, they also need a cognitive strategy to search for appropriate words. Frontal lobe impairment may lead to short lists and repetition of answers.
Occupational therapy: current approaches
Published in Anna L. Barnett, Elisabeth L. Hill, Understanding Motor Behaviour in Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Sylvia Rodger, Ann Kennedy-Behr
For example, the goal of accurately shooting more goals may be approached using a teaching and learning approach using forward chaining, a task specific approach using blocked practice, a graded approach using balls of various sizes, hoops of particular heights, and child standing at various distances from the goal post; or a cognitive strategy based approach such as Cognitive Orientation for daily Occupational Performance (CO-OPApproachTM) (Polatajko & Mandich, 2004; Dawson, McEwen, & Polatajko, 2017). Whereas for a person who has sustained a low-level spinal injury, who wants to be more successful at independent dressing – transferring from a lying position (bed) where lower limb dressing is undertaken using loops on underpants, loose shorts/slacks laid out in correct position, to the wheelchair to undertake upper limb dressing seated would use both a teaching approach coupled with assistive technology and appropriate supervised practice.
Helpful thinking or cognitive strategies
Published in Cate Howell, Keeping the Blues Away, 2018
Some CBT strategies have already been looked at. Examples of behavioural strategies are graded exposure (used in dealing with fears) and relaxation training (seeStep 4 ), while an example of a cognitive strategy is problem solving (also outlined in Step 4 ).
What is the effect of personalized cognitive strategy instruction on facilitating return-to-learn for individuals experiencing prolonged concussion symptoms?
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Jim Wright, McKay More Sohlberg, Kent McIntosh, John Seeley, Wendy Hadley, Devon Blitz, Eli Lowham
Experimental studies from the cognitive rehabilitation literature have identified cognitive strategy instruction embedded with psychoeducation delivered by SLPs as an effective therapy model for improving the cognitive domains of attention, working memory, and executive functioning (Cooper et al., 2016; Huckans et al., 2010; Storzbach et al., 2017; Twamley et al., 2014). A seminal study by Cooper et al. (2016) compared two arms of treatment that included cognitive strategy instruction to two conditions that did not provide direct training of cognitive strategies to individuals with PCS 3–24 months post-injury. Although the obtained effect sizes were small, the authors concluded that individuals who received one of the two conditions with cognitive strategy instruction obtained better outcomes on one of the three primary outcome measurements compared to individuals in the two treatment conditions without cognitive strategy instruction (Cooper et al., 2016).
Electrodynamics of clinical hypnosis
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
Jan Dyba, Kathryn Lane Rossi, Marzena Żurek, Ernest Lawrence Rossi
In a recent paper we (Dyba, Rossi, & Rossi, 2019) outlined a hypothetical neuro-cognitive foundation of dynamics similar to the abovementioned two-factor theory of hypnotic experience focusing additionally on the mechanisms of attention in hypnosis. Independent research (Egner & Raz, 2007; Sheehan, Donovan, & MacLeod, 1988) utilizing the Stroop interference task (Stroop, 1935) where there is a delay in reaction time between congruent and noncongruent stimuli demonstrated that highly susceptible hypnotic subjects, while under hypnosis, achieve less accurate results than low susceptibility subjects when no specific suggestions are given. What is even more interesting is that they show no evidence of any cognitive strategy focused on dealing with the task. The situation changes when they are given suggestions to use some particular cognitive strategy. In this condition subjects with higher hypnotic susceptibility achieve greater results in a Stroop task compared to subjects with low susceptibility. These results seem to be congruent with the hypothesis that energy gathered in hypnosis is eventually utilized in accord with the suggestions given. The flat electrodynamic tracing under hypnotic conditions may resemble that deficit of spontaneous cognitive functioning resulting in lack of any observable cognitive strategy applied when no suggestion is given. This also resembles Erickson and Rossi’s state of “openness and receptivity.” The difference in performance after a suggestion about a particular cognitive strategy that is given to a highly susceptible subject resembles “associative involvement.”
Associations between self-generated strategy use and MET-Home performance in adults with stroke
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Suzanne P. Burns, Deirdre R. Dawson, Jaimee D. Perea, Asha K. Vas, Noralyn Davel Pickens, Carlos Marquez de la Plata, Marsha Neville
Impaired executive function can impact non-routine and novel activities in the context of the home and community. Integrating external or internal cognitive strategies may be particularly useful for improving performance (Cicerone et al., 2011; Dawson, Gaya, et al., 2009; Haskins et al., 2012; Krasny-Pacini, Chevignard, & Evans, 2014; Skidmore et al., 2011). External strategies might include using electronic devices, visual or auditory cueing systems, or task-specific aids. Internal strategies are meant to improve conscious control over behaviours by cueing one’s self to address a task or problem and may involve integrating a structured problem-solving or metacognitive technique (Haskins et al., 2012). Sometimes strategies might initially start externally and then transition to internal strategies (Haskins et al., 2012). Internal strategies are also combined with external cues (Manly, Hawkins, Evans, Woldt, & Robertson, 2002; Tornås, Løvstad, Solbakk, Schanke, & Stubberud, 2016). Toglia and colleagues (2012) discuss cognitive strategies as being “involved in all activities that require thinking, planning, and decision-making; using a cognitive strategy increases the probability of successful performance.” Unfortunately, persons with impaired executive function may have difficulty selecting and applying strategies in everyday life (Haskins et al., 2012), particularly if they have reduced insight into cognitive consequences of their stroke (Lamberts, Fasotti, Boelen, & Spikman, 2017).