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Considerations for Designing Web-Based Programs
Published in Cleborne D. Maddux, D. LaMont Johnson, The Web in Higher Education: Assessing the Impact and Fulfilling the Potential, 2021
Pamela T. Northrup, Karen Rasmussen
The psychological aspect of grounded design emphasizes theory and research on how people learn. With theorists studying learning since the 1800s, there are many beliefs about the way people learn (Driscoll, 2000). Despite the differing philosophies of learning, theorists generally agree that learning is "... a persisting change in human performance potential . . . and that a change in performance or performance potential must come about as a result of a learner's experience and interaction with the world" (p. 11). Sherry (1996) suggests that two dominant views of learning have emerged, a more traditional, information processing approach and a constructivist approach. Driscoll promotes Cognitive Information Processing as an integration of a variety of perspectives where the human learner is conceived to be a processor of information, in much the same way that a computer processes information through input, storage, and output.
The Representation of Temporal Structure in the Dynamics of Neural Networks
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
An important set of questions is raised by Abeles’ concept of synfire chains, which, as yet, have no agreed empirical answer: How can cortical neural networks come to have such precise temporal structure in their dynamic activity? What property of nerve cells or nerve networks gives rise to the temporal dependencies which have the precision actually observed in these experiments? This brings us back to the third issue raised above, about how associations between non-synchronous neural signals can be formed. This of course is of central relevance for this book, because of its close relation to the coding of temporal structure in language (such as the specific delays between different elements of a speech sound) and in other aspects of sensory, motor and cognitive information processing.
The Role of the Neuropsychologist in Life Care Planning
Published in Roger O. Weed, Debra E. Berens, Life Care Planning and Case Management Handbook, 2018
Tests are typically selected that meet criteria for reliability and validity and have norms appropriate for the individual being assessed. There are some neuropsychologists who use a fixed battery approach; this approach is exemplified by the Halstead–Reitan Battery. Most neuropsychologists use a flexible battery approach to address the referral question(s). In a flexible battery a selection of tests to measure the various domains of cognitive functioning are combined. Rabin et al. (2005) have a list of the tests most commonly used by neuropsychologists. Typically, multiple measures in each cognitive domain are employed. The cognitive domains that are often assessed include intellectual abilities, attention/concentration, speed of cognitive information processing, memory and learning, speech and language, academic functioning, motor functioning, visual spatial functioning, response bias and effort, executive function, mood, personality, and adaptive functioning.
Creating Adaptable Skills: A Nonlinear Pedagogy Approach to Mental Imagery
Published in Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2023
Riki S. Lindsay, Jia Yi Chow, Paul Larkin, Michael Spittle
Mental imagery (MI) has been defined as a “cognitive simulation process by which we can represent perceptual information in our minds in the absence of appropriate sensory input” (Guillot et al., 2021, p. 4). MI is a psychological training approach that has been shown to successfully develop a range of motor skills, such as complex surgical techniques to serving in tennis (Schuster et al., 2011; Simonsmeier et al., 2021). The mechanisms for the efficacy of MI have primarily been interpreted from a cognitive information processing-based view, in which MI comprises hierarchically organized internal representations stored in long-term memory (Kiverstein & Rietveld, 2018; Lang, 1979). From this perspective, MI is a process of building and manipulating internal representations of skills, like those used during action execution (Kim et al., 2017). Utilizing a shared internal representation between MI and action has been described as the principle of functional equivalence (FE) (Moran & O’Shea, 2019). The FE principle explains that similar neurophysiological mechanisms involved in building and manipulating internal representations of movement are used in MI and action. (Moran & O’Shea, 2019).
Relationships between perceived stress at work, occupational burnout and ego-resiliency in a group of public administration employees: testing the assumption about the moderating role of ego-resiliency (replication study in Poland)
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Individuals with a high level of ego-resiliency also have the ability to regulate emotions, meaning that they are able (with the complicity of cognitive information processing) to maintain (e.g., excitement) or modulate emotions depending on their chosen goal [45], as well as to ‘repair their mood’ relatively quickly [46]. Tugade and Fredrickson [47] showed that such people are able to break away from negative experiences and return to balance by arousing positive emotions (the term resiliency stems from the Latin word salio meaning ‘jump’ and resilio translated as ‘bounce back’ or ‘return to the previous state’ [17]). In a study by Alessandri et al. [48], ego-resiliency buffered the relationship between daily stressors (hassles) experienced by students and their perceived negative emotional inertia (preceded by exhaustion).
EEG reveals deficits in sensory gating and cognitive processing in asymptomatic adults with a history of concussion
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Anthony Tapper, W. Richard Staines, Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo
There is a dearth of research on the P50 ERP in individuals with a history of concussion. One study by Arciniegas et al. (23), showed changes to the P50 amplitude in individuals with a history of mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) using the paired click paradigm. Specifically, the TBI groups had a significantly smaller P50 ERP amplitude in response to the first auditory click, and a larger ERP amplitude to the second auditory click compared to controls. These findings indicate that individuals with a history of TBI have persisting problems gating-in incoming relevant information (first click) and gating-out irrelevant (second click) auditory information. In contrast, a recent study showed no significant differences in P50 ERP amplitude in military service members with and without a history of TBI sustained from a blast exposure when using the paired click paradigm (24). The authors suggested that the cohort in their study had less severe injuries compared to prior research (23), whose participants with TBI complained of persisting cognitive impairments, and were classified for severity by post-traumatic amnesia symptoms. These findings suggest that the severity of injury may play a significant role in persisting sensory processing dysfunction. It is possible that concussions might be associated with long-term problems that occur at the sensory stages of information processing, which could have downstream effects on cognitive information processing.