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Treatment Efficacy
Published in Melisa Robichaud, Naomi Koerner, Michel J. Dugas, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 2019
Melisa Robichaud, Naomi Koerner, Michel J. Dugas
Before starting treatment, clients were presented with a series of vignettes describing ambiguous scenarios (for example, “My new partner called and left a message on my answering machine, saying that we need to talk about something important”). We then examined the extent to which responses to these vignettes were associated with subsequent response to CBT. First, greater pre-treatment interpretation biases predicted greater post-treatment GAD symptoms (Donegan & Dugas, 2011), meaning that those who were more inclined to interpret ambiguous information in a negative way at the outset of CBT did not benefit as much from treatment. Second, change in interpretation style mediated change in GAD symptoms from pre- to post-treatment (Donegan & Dugas, 2011), meaning that those clients who were able to shift their negative interpretation style during treatment were more responsive to CBT. Together, these findings suggested to us that targeting interpretation style more directly during CBT may boost treatment efficacy, especially for the subgroup of clients who show a particularly strong bias to interpret ambiguity in a catastrophic way. To test this idea, we have been conducting a randomized controlled trial in which we are comparing the treatment we tested in our previous trials to a version of it that includes one additional intervention at each session called computerized cognitive bias modification (CBM).
Seeking Help for Mental Health Problems Early
Published in Leanne Rowe, Michael Kidd, Every Doctor, 2018
In addition, cognitive bias modification is a simple technique to break the habits of anxious thinking and reduce subconscious attention to negative stimuli, risks and threats. We can always find something to worry about and this can cause a feeling of general unease or mild irritability. For example, we may be watching for anything that may go wrong, unconsciously constantly scanning the world for risks and threats, and assuming the worst-case scenario without evidence. This can take a lot of energy. It is possible to retrain the mind to consciously reduce excessive hypervigilance, but this can take time.
Cognitive Bias Mitigation: Becoming Better Diagnosticians
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
Bias is inherent in human judgment and decision making [5]. It is the principal factor underlying erroneous decision making (Chapter 8: The Rational Diagnostician). Its importance has been recognized beyond the individual at an organizational level in healthcare (Figure 15.1) [6,7] and by the broader scientific community [8]. Seshia et al. [6] use the term cognitive biases plus to describe the collective influence of cognitive biases, logical fallacies, conflicts of interest, and ethical violations on individuals and organizations in healthcare. All four of them lead to distorted reasoning and decision making. Biases have been described as “predictable deviations from rationality” [9]. Many biases that diagnosticians hold are often recognized and corrected by themselves. Essentially, this is the process that underlies learning and the refinement of clinical behavior. We may learn an inappropriate response to a particular situation that leads to a maladaptive habit, but then some insight or revelation occurs and we change our ways to achieve a more successful outcome. However, the persistence of particular biases that appear resistant to change has attracted the interest of research studies and is the focus of cognitive debiasing [10–15], perhaps more accurately known as cognitive bias mitigation (CBM) as it is more likely that we can reduce as opposed to eliminate bias. The basic argument is that if we can effectively reduce bias in our thinking, we will become better thinkers and improve our clinical reasoning skills.
Combining implementation intentions and monetary incentives to reduce alcohol use: a failed generalization to a public bar context
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Yang Liu, Wery P.M. van den Wildenberg, K. Richard Ridderinkhof, Reinout W. Wiers
Concerning the secondary hypotheses, we found that the relationship between impulsivity and typical alcohol use, as has often been reported (e.g., Stautz & Cooper, 2013) can be generalized to drinking on a specific occasion. Interestingly, in the model with compliers only, this relationship disappeared (Table S4). Moreover, non-compliers were more impulsive than compliers. Together, these findings suggest that people who scored higher on impulsivity may be less willing and less likely to change their behavior through this preventive effort. More effective interventions specifically targeting this population are required. There is some evidence that cognitive bias modification may have a stronger effect in impulsive individuals (Weckler et al., 2017), but this also requires motivation from participants (R. W. Wiers et al., 2018).
Examination of college student health behaviors and self-reported executive functions
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Andrew B. McGrath, Jeremiah Weinstock, Renee Cloutier, Maxwell Christensen, Daniel J. Taylor, Craig E. Henderson
Interventions that target EF, or lead to changes in EF, have been linked to HB change.77 By their nature, these interventions seek to reduce the influence of bottom-up processes and/or to strengthen top-down processes.78 Bottom-up interventions, such as cognitive bias modification, seek to reduce attentional bias toward rewarding stimuli. Some mindfulness-based interventions have shown to reduce bottom-up while at the same strengthening top-down processing.78,79 Finally, cognitive remediation and inhibitory control training seek to ameliorate deficits and strength EF with the aim of improving self-regulation. Moderately Healthy and High Substance Use classes may benefit from these approaches and specifically ones that target the domains of inhibition, self-management to time (planning), and self-motivation, based upon the findings within this study. Those of the Moderately Healthy class may further benefit from intervention targeting emotional regulation.
Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 Suicidal Cognition Concerns: A New Measure Examining Negative Reactions to Suicidal Ideation
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2022
Nicole S. Smith, Brian W. Bauer, Rachel L. Martin, Raymond P. Tucker, Daniel W. Capron
These results have important clinical implications. Sensitivity to thoughts of suicide and wanting to die is likely to lead to worry about the consequences of those thoughts. As prior research has found, worry about suicidal thoughts is positively related to SI and suicide risk and that distraction was negatively associated with SI and risk (Tucker et al., 2017). Therefore, efforts to instruct individuals who are highly sensitive to thoughts of suicide to distract themselves instead of worrying about the consequences of such thoughts may help to lessen distress and SI. At extreme levels, sensitivity to SI might manifest as suicidal obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and require more thorough intervention in the form of exposure and response prevention therapy (Al-Zaben, 2012; Rachamallu, Song, Liu, Giles, & McMahon, 2017; Wetterneck, Williams, Tellawi, & Bruce, 2016). The present study did not incorporate measures of OCD symptomatology, requiring future research to determine the relationship between sensitivity to SI and OCD. Altering cognitive bias modification (CBM) treatments (Capron, Norr, Allan, & Schmidt, 2017; Capron & Schmidt, 2016) to reduce sensitivity to thoughts of suicide and wanting to die represent a promising area for future research in reducing SI.